Facile p-toluenesulfonic acid-promoted para-selective monobromination and chlorination of phenol and analogues

para-Regioselective bromination of phenol and analogues, promoted by p-toluenesulfonic acid, is achieved in high to excellent yields at room temperature with N-bromosuccinimide. Chlorination with N-chlorosuccinimide and catalysed by p-toluenesulfonic acid also gives para-chlorinated phenol analogues in good yields at room temperature.     

Quantitative analysis and evaluation of the solubility of hydrophobic proteins recovered from brain, heart and urine using UV-visible spectrophotometry

There is a need for a simple method that can directly quantify hydrophobic proteins. UV-visible spectrophotometry was applied in the present study for this purpose. Absorbance at λ=280 nm (A ₂₈₀) was detected for both Escherichia coli membrane proteins and bovine serum albumin, whereas absorbance at λ=620 nm (A ₆₂₀) was only detected for E. coli membrane proteins. The A ₆₂₀ values of the brain samples were greater than those of heart samples when equal concentrations were used, regardless of the type of solubilizing agent employed. Because hydrophobic proteins tend to form colloidal microparticles in solution, we also applied UV-visible spectrophotometry to evaluate the efficacies of different extraction protocols for solubilizing hydrophobic proteins. For brain protein extraction, the highest A ₆₂₀ was observed in samples recovered using Tris, whereas the lowest was from samples recovered using SDS. Solubilizing brain tissue with 0.25% SDS (above the CMC) gave a lower A ₆₂₀ than extraction with 0.025% SDS (below the CMC). Addition of 0.25% SDS to samples recovered with Triton caused A ₆₂₀ to drop. A ₆₂₀ could also be used to distinguish between the hydrophobic fractions (pellets) of brain and urine proteins and their hydrophilic fractions (supernatants) prefractionated using high-speed centrifugation. Additionally, an A ₆₂₀/A ₂₈₀ ratio exceeding 0.12 appears to denote highly hydrophobic samples. Our data suggest that direct UV-visible spectrophotometry can be used as a simple method to quantify and evaluate the solubilities of hydrophobic proteins.