光学双稳性临界点的相变行为

本文详细地讨论了光学双稳性(OB)的临界现象。理论分析主要以忽略量子涨落的Fokker-Plank方程的静态解为基础。结果发现,OB的临界现象可以纳入Landau二级相变理论的框架,并且有关临界指数之间的关系也服从标度律。 关键词：     

Synthesis and X-ray structural analysis of a unique Co-crystallization complex of [NaSal]2DB24C8 and [KSal]2DB24C8

Sodium salicylate (NaSal where Sal=2-hydroxybenzoate), when mixed with dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8) yields a bimetallic complex [NaSal]₂DB24C8 in most polar organic media, while potassium salicylate (KSal) under similar conditions shows a tendency to yield 11 or 21 complexes depending upon medium or synthesis. However, the presence of both NaSal and KSal together results in a unique mixed cation complex of composition NaKSal₂DB24C8. This product melts sharply (190-92°C) without decomposition, displays IR spectral characteristics comparable to those of [Na(Sal)]₂DB24C8, and is stable in aqueous media as shown by the detectable cation effect on the UV absorption bands of Sal and DB24C8. Single crystal X-ray analysis of NaK(Sal)₂DB24C8 reveals that the system represents a co-crystallization complex of individual (KSal)₂DB24C8 and (NaSal)₂DB24C8 molecules. The crystals are monoclinic,P2₁/c,a=19.976(2) Å,b=9.031(1) Å,c=25.541(5) Å,=122.065(9)°, ų,T=298 K,Z=2+2, CuK =1.5418 Å, and 2 (2.5°–100°). FinalR factor for the 3012 observed reflections (F>3) is 0.092. Both the Na₂- and K₂-molecules possess crystallographic centers of symmetry with one metal and its associated anion on each side of the crown ring. However, the conformations of the crowns are very different in the two molecules, with the K₂-crown being nearly planar and the Na₂-crown being quite puckered. Four oxygen atoms from the DB24C8 (KO, 2.680–2.908 Å) and three carboxyl oxygen atoms (KO, 2.472–2.708 Å) from separate salicylate ions coordinate with each potassium. Three oxygens from the crown (NaO, 2.536–2.65 Å) and three carboxyl oxygens (NaO, 2.31–2.563 Å) coordinate with each sodium. The salicylate ions lie on opposite sides and nearly perpendicular (77.2°, Na₂-molecule; 82.7° K₂-molecule) to each crown but coordinate to both of the metal ions within a molecule. The K⁺K⁺ and Na⁺Na⁺ distances in the respective molecules are 3.95 and 3.34 Å. Supplementary Data relating to this article are deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No. SUP 82044 (18 pages).     

氮氧自由基研究XVII:水溶液中哌啶氮氧自由基的电化学行为和自衰变动力学研究

循环伏安法研究表明,2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶-1-氧自由基和2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-氧哌啶-1-氧自由基,在水溶液中的单电子氧化电极反应的可逆性随介质酸性,扫描速度和自由基浓度增加而增加,表明电极氧化产物可进一步发生化学反应.     

指向学习体验的物质及其转化复习的教学实践——以“钠及其化合物”为例

学习体验是学生对学习内容、过程、方法、意义的自我感受和评估,对学生学习志趣、学习素养提升有积极正向作用。以钠及其化合物复习为例,将各类别物质间转化关系的构建、物质制备原理和条件的优选作为学习体验对象,依据学习体验的内在发展历程设计学习任务及活动,引导学生亲身体验学科认知方式、学科思维方法、学科应用价值,评价体验结果,激励学生自主学习发生。     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-串联三重四极杆质谱分析饮用水中的高氯酸盐

建立了超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-串联三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-ESI MS/MS)分析饮用水中高氯酸盐的方法.以300Extend-C18为分析柱,10%甲醇水溶液为流动相,ESI MS/MS串联质谱为检测器,以多重反应监测(MRM)模式监测高氯酸盐m/z 99.5→82.9离子对.方法的线性范围为0.2 ～10 μg/L,相关系数为r2=0.999 9,方法检出限为0.15 μg/L,平均加标回收率为82%,相对标准偏差为4.4%.应用UPLC-ESI MS/MS法测定北京市部分城区饮用水中的高氯酸盐,其中5个水样中检出ClO-4,质量浓度为0.040 ～0.262 μg/L,但在安全阈值范围内,不会对居民健康构成威胁.     

原子相干态中的压缩现象

计算表明,与场的相干态类似的原子相干态,具有不同于场的相干态的压缩行为;进一步证明:直接类比于(?)(ξ)不能得到“原子压缩算符”.     

离子色谱法测定蓝藻培养液中有机酸和无机阴离子

建立了一种利用阴离子交换色谱柱分离,电导检测器同时测定17种有机酸和7种阴离子的方法。采用Ionpac AS11-HC阴离子交换柱,KOH溶液作为淋洗液,梯度洗脱,流量为1.0mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样体积为25μL。24种分析物测定结果的相对标准偏差在0.31%~2.67%之间,线性相关系数均大于0.996,平均加标回收率在80.3%~108.5%之间。该方法可用于微生物培养液中有机酸和阴离子的同时测定。     

Rapidly calculated DFT relaxed iso-potential ϕ/ψ maps: β-cellobiose

New cellobiose ϕ_H/ψ_H maps are generated using a mixed basis set DFTr method, found to achieve a high level of confidence while reducing computer resources dramatically. Relaxed iso-potential maps are created for different conformational states of cellobiose, showing how glycosidic bond dihedral angles vary as different sets of hydroxymethyl rotamers and hydroxyl directions are examined. These maps are generated, fixing the dihedral ϕ_H and ψ_H values at ten degree intervals and energy optimizing the remaining geometry using the B3LYP/6-31+G* functional for all atoms except carbon atoms, where the functional B3LYP was used with the mixed basis set, 4-31G. Mapping results are compared between in vacuo structures using the mixed basis set, in vacuo using the full basis set, and those in which the implicit solvent method, COSMO, is included with the mixed basis set. Results show significant changes in position of energy minima with variation in hydroxyl rotamers and with application of solvent. Unique to this study is the mapping of the hydration energy at each ϕ_H/ψ_H point on the map using the energy derived at each point by applying COSMO. Using hydration gradients as a guide one observes directional solvent driven changes in the minimum energy positions. Interesting internal coordinate variances are described.     

氮氧自由基研究:XXI,水溶液中哌啶氮氧自由基单电子还原反应机理的极谱研究

本文采用取样直流极谱, 常规脉冲极谱, 微分脉冲极谱和交流极谱考察了,2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶 -1-氧和2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-氧哌啶 -1-氧由基及2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶 -1-氧自由基在水溶液中的还原反应, 并研究了它们的还原经历电化学过程 。