Segregation at CuAu alloy surfaces

Experimental results for Auger measurements on clean evaporated CuAu alloy films having (111)-orientation are presented. Signals from Auger transitions at 72 eV, 239 eV, and 2024 eV from Au in the alloys were normalized to signals from pure Au references. The experimental data were converted to atomic layer compositions using a model which allowed the first two atomic layers to differ in composition from the bulk and using estimates of the energy dependence of the electron attenuation length derived from published results. Significant enrichment of the first layer with Au was found over the entire range of composition studied.     

Cumulant functions in optical coherence theory

Cumulant functions are introduced to describe the statistical state of a radiation field. These functions are simply related to the optical coherence functions but have some interesting features. It is shown that if the cumulant functions of all orders greater than some numberN ₀ vanish then they also vanish for all orders greater than 2. Thermal field is the only field having this property. This property holds whether the field is described by a classical stochastic process or by a quantum density operator. Further the particular operator ordering used in defining these cumulant functions for the quantized field affects only the second order cumulant function. To describe the statistical state of a vector field such as partially polarized or unpolarized radiation, one would need to introduce cumulant tensors.     

Gas phase activation energy for unimolecular dissociation of biomolecular ions determined by focused RAdiation for gaseous multiphoton ENergy transfer (FRAGMENT)

We present a novel approach for the determination of activation energy for the unimolecular dissociation of a large (>50 atoms) ion, based on measurement of the unimolecular dissociation rate constant as a function of continuous-wave CO(2) laser intensity. Following a short ( approximately 1 s) induction period, CO(2) laser irradiation produces an essentially blackbody internal energy distribution, whose 'temperature' varies inversely with laser intensity. The only currently available method for measuring such activation energies is blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD). Compared with BIRD, FRAGMENT: (a) eliminates the need to heat the surrounding ion trap and vacuum chamber to each of several temperatures (each requiring hours for temperature equilibration); (b) offers a three-fold wider range of effective blackbody temperature; and (c) extends the range of applications to include initially cold ions (e.g., gas-phase H/D exchange). Our FRAGMENT-determined activation energy for dissociation of protonated bradykinin, 1.2 +/- 0.1 eV, agrees within experimental error to the value, 1.3 +/- 0.1 eV, previously reported by Williams et al. from BIRD experiments. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design sensitivity and finite element analysis of free surface flows with application to optimal design of casting rigging systems

A novel, fully-analytical design sensitivity formulation for transient, turbulent, free surface flows is derived and implemented in the context of finite element analysis. The time-averaged, turbulent form of the Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a mixing length model, in conjunction with the volume of fluid (VOF) method to model the free surface movement. The design derivatives of these governing equations are computed and solved to find the analytical sensitivities of the fluid position, velocity and pressure fields with respect to shape design variables. The computational efficiency produced by evaluating the sensitivities analytically is demonstrated. The design of the runner and gating system of a simple block casting is presented as an example application for using sensitivity information in design. The analytical sensitivity routine is coupled to a numerical optimizer to yield an automated method for optimal design of the casting rigging system. The results produce runner shapes which eliminate mold-gas aspiration. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of macrocyclisation routes to 1,4,7-triazacyclononanes: efficient syntheses from 1,2-ditosylamides

Two routes to the synthesis of a cyclohexyl-fused 1,4,7-triazacyclononane involving macrocyclisations of tosamides have been investigated. In the first approach, using a classic Richman-Atkins-type cyclisation of a cyclohexyl-substituted 1,4,7-tritosamide with ethylene glycol ditosylate, afforded the cyclohexyl-fused 1,4,7-triazacyclononane in 5.86% overall yield in four steps. The second, more concise, approach involving the macrocyclisation of trans-cyclohexane-1,2-ditosamide with the tritosyl derivative of diethanolamine initially gave poor yields (< 25%). The well-documented problems with efficiencies in macrocyclisations using 1,2-ditosamides led to the use of a wider range of 1,2-ditosamides including ethane-1,2-ditosamide and propane-1,2-ditosamide. These extended studies led to the development of an efficient macrocyclisation protocol using lithium hydride. This new method afforded 1,4,7-tritosyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononanes in good yield (57-90%) from 1,2-ditosamides in a single step. These efficient methods were then applied to the preparation of a chiral cyclohexyl-fused 1,4,7-tritosyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (65-70%). This key chiral intermediate was then converted into a copper(ii) complex following detosylation and N-methylation. The resulting chiral copper(ii) complex catalysed the aziridination of styrene but it did so in a racemic fashion.     

铌酸锶钡薄膜的微结构与电光性能的研究

本文叙述了使用溶胶凝胶法在MgO(0 0 1)的衬底上制备铌酸锶钡薄膜的过程 ,膜层厚度可达 5 μm。通过X射线衍射、摇摆曲线、扫描、拉曼散射光谱等方法研究了薄膜的微结构性能 ,实验发现 ,铌酸锶钡薄膜具有了较好的 (0 0 1)方向的优先取向性能 ,并且随着薄膜厚度的增加 ,其晶体取向性也会随之不断改进。熔石英的透明衬底上生长的SBN薄膜具有较大的电致双折射效应 ,其有效电光系数能够高达 6 6 2× 10 -11m/V。