A-Stable linear multistep methods for Volterra Integro-Differential Equations

Summary A class of linear algorithms for Volterra Integro-Differential Equations is studied. The concept of the associated canonical fraction is extended to this class and leads to an algebraic criterion forA-stability.     

Panoramic holointerferometry

This paper is the first to report on the quantitative evaluation of panoramic holointerferograms. In the experiment a collinear pair of panoramic annular lenses and an ion laser are used to illuminate and observe the inner walls of a circular pipe. A holographic image is obtained in the shape of an annulus showing the entire surround of the lenses. To produce the holointerferogram, a carrier is introduced by translating the pipe axially, and a line load is applied parallel to the system axis. The interference pattern of the carrier and deformation is then recorded with a CCD. This pattern is linearized by applying a two-dimensional mapping to correct the distortions introduced by the panoramic optical system and then the linearized pattern is analyzed in the usual way (phase mapping, carrier subtraction, phase unwrapping). The experimental results are excellent and demonstrate the unique value of panoramic annular lenses in making precision deformation mappings of the interior surface of pipes or cylinders.Paper was presented at the 1993 SEM Spring Conference held in Dearborn, MI on June 7–9, 1993.     

Friction and heat transfer in drag-reducing surfactant solution flow through curved pipes and elbows

A study of drag-reducing flow in curved pipes was conducted. In contrast to earlier studies we show that if we use a modified definition of drag reduction that includes only the turbulence effects, we observe indeed the same level of drag reduction in both coiled and straight pipes. More complex results showing reduced drag reduction compared to curved pipes were achieved with elbows. Two elbows of different size and type were tested in turbulent flow of both water and drag-reducing surfactant solution. A more elaborate analysis was conducted for a half-inch threaded elbow with a ratio of curvature radius to diameter of 1.2. The pressure drop and heat transfer were measured in a section downstream from the elbow over a distance of x/D = 130 in order to investigate the hydrodynamic and thermal developments of the flow. The pressure drop coefficient of the elbow was calculated for water and a surfactant solution, based on the total increase in pressure drop in the system due to the presence of the elbow. For a larger welded elbow of 6″ diameter some drag reduction was measured for the surfactant solution.     

A windowing technique for the automated analysis of holo-interferograms

A systematic method for measuring surface deformations is described which includes the use of real-time holographic interferometry, the incorporation of a carrier fringe pattern to achieve fringe linearization, and the application of image digitization and automated computer analysis for rapid quantitative interpretation. In this method, regions of interest can be selected by the use of a windowing technique in which the operator specifies the desired subregion. The problem of correctly numbering fringes which originate or vanish at the boundary where the scanning begins is solved by an algorithm which ensures correct identification of the fringe orders. The output includes a perspective plot of the out-of-plane deformation field.This method is demonstrated by its application to a measurement of the out-of-plane deformation of a hermetically sealed plastic housing loaded by internal pressurization.     

Q-band EPR and ENDOR of low temperature X-irradiated beta-D-fructose single crystals

Beta-D-fructose single crystals were in situ X-irradiated at 80 K and measured using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and ENDOR-induced EPR (EIE) techniques at Q-band (34 GHz) microwave frequencies. The measurements revealed the presence of at least four carbon-centered radicals stable at 80 K. By means of ENDOR angular variations in the three principal crystallographic planes, six proton hyperfine coupling tensors could be determined and were assigned to four different radicals by the aid of EIE. Two of the radicals exhibit only beta-proton hyperfine couplings and reveal almost identical EIE spectra. For the other two radicals, the major hyperfine splitting originates from a single alpha-proton hyperfine coupling and their EIE spectra were also quite similar. The similarity of the EIE spectra and hyperfine tensors led to the assumption that there are only two essentially different radical structures. The radical exhibiting only beta-proton hyperfine couplings was assigned to a C3 centered radical arising from H3 abstraction and the other radical suggested to be an open-ring species with a disrupted C2-C3 bond and a double C2-O2 bond. A possible formation mechanism for the latter open-ring radical is presented. By means of cluster density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the structures of the two radicals were determined and a fairly good agreement between the calculated and experimental hyperfine tensors was found.     

A Multi-Frequency EPR and ENDOR Study of Rh and Ir Complexes in Alkali and Silver Halides

Aliovalent Rh and Ir cations have been frequently used to influence the photographic properties of silver halide emulsions. The doping introduces several types of related defects with distinct trapping and recombination properties. EPR and ENDOR are, in principle, ideally suited for the determination of the microscopic structure of the individual centres but it will be demonstrated that well-chosen, sometimes sophisticated multi-frequency experiments are necessary in order to (partially) reach this goal. Model studies on single crystals of AgCl and NaCl also appeared indispensable for the unravelling of the spectra.

In the review of Rh-centres in NaCl and AgCl special attention is paid to methods that allow to detect cation vacancies near Rh^2? complexes. An alternative explanation for the high temperature behaviour of the [RhCl₆]^4? complexes in AgCl is presented.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance study of a Eu2+ related defect in CsBr:Eu needle image plates for computed radiography

The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of needle image plates of CsBr doped with Eu(2+), which are proposed as new X-ray storage phosphors for computed radiography, is studied at room temperature and Q-band microwave frequencies (34 GHz). X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrates that the CsBr:Eu(2+) needles have an 001 out of plane (perpendicular to the plate) orientation, and contrary to expectation that the in plane orientation is not random. The room temperature EPR spectrum is attributed to a single centre which is related to Eu(2+) with axial 001 symmetry. Using the spin Hamiltonian parameters extracted from the spectrum recorded with the magnetic field parallel to the needles' axes, we convincingly simulate both the spectrum of a powdered image plate and the single crystal like angular dependence of intact pieces of image plate. The knowledge of the symmetry of this centre, which appears to be related with the radiation sensitivity of the plate, presents a first step in finding its model and role in the X-ray storage process.     

An analytical study on the bond behaviour between an externally bonded FRP and concrete in the case of continuous beams

One of the greatest challenges in structural engineering nowadays is the strengthening, upgrading, and retrofitting of existing structures. The use of fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) bonded to the tension face of a structural member is an attractive technique in this field of application. The strengthening of reinforced concrete structures by means of an externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) is achieved by gluing a FRP laminate to the concrete substrate. For an efficient utilization of the FRP EBR systems, an effective stress transfer is required between the FRP and concrete. The paper discusses the bond behaviour between a FRP and concrete in the case of flexural strengthening of continuous beams. With respect to this type of beams, only a few studies have been reported, though continuous members often occur in concrete constructions. The structural behaviour of statically indeterminate elements is typically characterized by redistributions of the internal forces. These distributions are related to the nonlinear deformations of the beams and has also a distinct influence on the bond behaviour between the FRP and concrete. Russian translation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 389–402, May–June, 2008.     

An Integrated Framework for Generating and Revising Factory Schedules

Practical solutions to the production scheduling problem must provide two broad capabilities:

1. i)
   an ability to efficiently generate schedules that reflect the actual constraints and objectives of the manufacturing environment, and
    
2. ii)
   an ability to incrementally revise these schedules over time in response to unexpected executional circumstances. In this paper, we advocate a common view of predictive and reactive scheduling as an incremental problem solving process that is opportunistically focused by characteristics of the current solution constraints.
    

We describe the architecture of OPIS (opportunistic intelligent scheduler), which defines a general framework for configuring scheduling systems according to this view. We then examine the scheduling knowledge (e.g. analysis and scheduling methods, schedule generation or revision strategies) that is exploited within this architecture by the current OPIS scheduler. Experimental studies with the OPIS scheduler have demonstrated the potential of this constraint-directed scheduling methodology in both predictive and reactive scheduling contexts.