MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS ON SINGLE IRREGULAR-SHAPED PARTICLES

Mass transfer from irregular-shaped naphthalene particles (100-200 inn in size) was studitd in an electrodynamic balance. Charged particles were suspended in an electrostatic field directly in line with a calibrated air jet. Mass and size change histories were obtained under ambient conditions, and under steady- and pulsed-flow conditions. For natural convection, the time-averaged Sherwood number was similar to that for spheres. Forced-convection Sherwood number under steady-flow conditions was strongly dependent on particle shape and panicle Reynolds number, and was consistently higher than values predicted for spheres at comparable Reynolds numbers. This study validates the technique and indicates the shape effect on mass transfer form single particles.     

On the free vibration response of rectangular plates,partially supported on elastic foundation

Rectangular plates on distributed elastic foundations are widely employed in footings and raft foundations of variety of structures. In particular, mounted columns and single footings may partially occupy the rectangular plate of any kind.     

Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Via Flotation Assistance (HLLME-FA) Method for the Pretreatment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Aqueous Samples and Determination by GC–MS

This work proposes a new, rapid and simple homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction via flotation assistance technique for the analysis of six organochlorine pesticides in water samples. A special extraction cell was used to facilitate collection of the low-density solvent extract. No centrifugation was required in this procedure. Determination was carried using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The water sample solution was then added into the extraction cell containing appropriate mixture of extract and homogeneous solvents. In the first step, a homogeneous solution and then with the continuation of water sample injection, a cloudy solution was formed. Using air flotation, the organic solution was collected at the conical part of the designed cell. The optimized levels of effective parameters were found based on response surface methodology approach. Applying the optimized conditions to the system understudy, the limits of detection of all target analytes were obtained in the range of 1.4–7 ng mL^?1, while the precisions were found to be in the range of 11.08–14.87 (RSD, n = 3). The linearity of the method lay in the range of 10–150 ng mL^?1 with the coefficients of correlation (r ² ) ranging from 0.998 to 0.999.     

Reaction between enaminones and acetylenic esters in the presence of triphenylphosphine: a convenient synthesis of alkyl 2(1-benzyl-2,4-dioxo-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetates

One-pot reaction between enaminocarbonyl compounds derived from six-membered 1,3-diketones and substituted benzylamines, and electron-deficient acetylenic esters in the presence of triphenylphosphine lead to alkyl 2-(1-benzyl-6,6-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetate derivatives in good yields.     

Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Via Flotation Assistance (HLLME-FA) Method for the Pretreatment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Aqueous Samples and Determination by GC–MS

This work proposes a new, rapid and simple homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction via flotation assistance technique for the analysis of six organochlorine pesticides in water samples. A special extraction cell was used to facilitate collection of the low-density solvent extract. No centrifugation was required in this procedure. Determination was carried using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The water sample solution was then added into the extraction cell containing appropriate mixture of extract and homogeneous solvents. In the first step, a homogeneous solution and then with the continuation of water sample injection, a cloudy solution was formed. Using air flotation, the organic solution was collected at the conical part of the designed cell. The optimized levels of effective parameters were found based on response surface methodology approach. Applying the optimized conditions to the system understudy, the limits of detection of all target analytes were obtained in the range of 1.4–7 ng mL⁻¹, while the precisions were found to be in the range of 11.08–14.87 (RSD, n = 3). The linearity of the method lay in the range of 10–150 ng mL⁻¹ with the coefficients of correlation (r ²) ranging from 0.998 to 0.999.

     

Synthesis of a New Library of Pyrano‐phenazine Derivatives via a Novel Three‐Component Protocol

The pyrano‐phenazine derivatives 6 were synthesized by an efficient procedure using the reaction between benzo[a]phenacin‐5‐ols with the condensation product of an aldehyde with Meldrum's acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of Et₃N at ambient temperature. The procedure is very simple, and products could be separated from the reaction media by simple filtration. High functional‐group tolerance both in the benzo[a]phenazin‐5‐ol and aldehyde moieties, facile reaction procedure, medium‐to‐high yields, and simple separation of the products from the reaction media are the advantages of this route.     

Synergistic coupled transport of uranyl ion across bulk liquid membrane mediated by dioxa-diazamacrocycle and oleic acid

Synergistic coupled transport of uranyl ion across a bulk liquid membrane of chloroform has been investigated using a dioxa-diazamacrocycle and oleic acid as carrier and synergistic agents, respectively. Quantitative transport of uranyl ion was achieved within 4 h when the pH of source solution was kept at 5.0–6.0 and mole ratio of carrier to synergistic agent was 1/15. It was found that overall rate and selectivity of the transport is governed by the stripping step. Finally, the influence of some foreign competitor ions including Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, CO₃^2?, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Th⁴⁺ and also the ionic strength on the transport efficiency has been evaluated.     

Theoretical insight to the complexation of some transition metals with cryptand

The most practicable complexes formed between Cryptand[2.2.2] and hydrated Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) cations (denoted as [ML]⁺²) were modeled using computational chemistry methods. The energies of complexation reactions were calculated in both gas phase and solution at B3LYP/6-31+G(d) and B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd) levels of theory. The accuracy of selected computational methods was confirmed with comparison between available X-ray data and computational results. The results suggested that [CuL]⁺² and [CoL]⁺² structures could be the most and the least stable systems, respectively. The nature of metal-ligand interactions based on quantum theory of atoms in molecule (QTAIM) was discussed for all the complexes. This analysis confirmed the ionic nature of metal-ligand interactions due to electron density values for M-O bonds and M-N interactions. Natural bond orbital (NBO) and natural energy decomposition analysis (NEDA) were utilized to explain more details of interaction between divalent cations and donor atoms of the ligand.

     

Free vibration analysis of general stepped circular plates with internal elastic ring support resting on Winkler foundation by green function method

Natural frequencies are important dynamic characteristics of a structure. Therefore, the exact solution pertaining to free vibration of stepped circular plate elastically restrained against rotation, translation, and internal elastic ring support resting on an arbitrary variable elastic foundation using Green Function is presented in this paper. Thus, an accurate and direct modeling technique is introduced for modeling stepped circular plate on an arbitrary variable elastic foundation with arbitrary boundary conditions and internal elastic ring support. The effect of the translational along with rotational support flexibilities, as well as, the elastic coefficient of Winkler foundation and other parameters are assessed. Finally, some numerical examples are shown in order to present the efficiency and simplicity of the Green Function in the new formulation.     

Homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction via flotation assistance for rapid and efficient determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

In this work, a rapid, simple and efficient homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction via flotation assistance (HLLME-FA) method was developed based on applying low density organic solvents without no centrifugation. For the first time, a special extraction cell was designed to facilitate collection of the low-density solvent extraction in the determination of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The effect of different variables on the extraction efficiency was studied simultaneously using experimental design. The variables of interest in the HLLME-FA were selected as extraction and homogeneous solvent volumes, ionic strength and extraction time. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the optimum conditions of all the variables. Using optimized variables in the extraction process, for all target PAHs, the detection limits, the precisions and the linearity of the method were found in the range of 14–41 μg L⁻¹, 3.7–10.3% (RSD, n = 3) and 50–1000 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of four target PAHs in the water samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.