Synthesis of all of the four possible stereoisomers of pestalotin,a gibberellin synergist isolated from pestalotia cryptomeriaecola sawada

(-)-Pestalotin [(6S, l'S)-6-(1'-hydroxypentyl)-4-methoxy-5,6-d dihydro-2-pyrone 1a]and its three other stereoisomers were synthesized either by utilizing the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation as the keystep or by derivation from D-(+)-glyceraldehyde acetonide.     

The influence of polytypic structures on the M011-->M101 solid-solid phase transition of n-C36H74: an application of the oblique infrared transmission method

The molecular displacements on the M011-->M101 phase transition of n-hexatriacontane (n-C36H74) have been investigated with an IR microscope designed for the oblique infrared transmission method. It has been clarified that two polytypic structures of the M011 modification, single-layered structure (Mon) and double-layered one (Orth II), both transform to the M101 modification of single-layered structure with their respective mechanisms. On the M011(Mon)-->M101 transition, the inclination direction of molecular axis is changed by 90 degrees through an intermediate state in which the molecular chain is set perpendicular to the basal plane of the single crystal. On the other hand, a polymorphic-polytypic composite structural change on the M011(Orth II)-->M101 transition is accomplished through two kinds of molecular displacements occurring alternately along the stacking direction of molecular layers.     

Synthesis of polyamides by the polyaddition of bisimidazoline with dicarboxylic acids

N,N′-Dipropionylethylenediamine was synthesized by the ring-opening addition reaction of 2-ethyl-2-imidazoline with propionic acid at 220°C. By applying this reaction to polymerization, polyamides were synthesized by the ring-opening polyaddition reaction at 220°C. of 1,4-bis(imidazoline-2-yl)butane with adipic acid, succinic acid, sebacic acid, and terephthalic acid. The reaction product of 1,4-bis(imidazoline-2-yl)butane with adipic acid, which was proposed to be nylon 26, was compared with an authentic sample of nylon 26 and shown to possess a very similar infrared spectrum and melting point.     

A novel [60]fullerene receptor with a Pd(II)-switched bisporphyrin cleft

Porphyrin dimer 1, which does not have an inside cavity and cannot interact with [60]fullerene (C60), becomes an excellent C60-acceptor with a large cavity in the presence of a Pd(II) complex.     

Laser terahertz-emission microscope for inspecting electrical faults in integrated circuits

A laser terahertz-emission microscope (LTEM) system is proposed and developed for inspecting electrical faults in integrated circuits (IC). We test a commercial operational amplifier while the system is operating. Two-dimensional terahertz-emission images of the IC chip are clearly observed while the chip is scanned with a femtosecond laser. When one of the interconnection lines is cut, the damaged chip has a LTEM image different from that of normal chips. The results indicate that the LTEM system is a potential tool for IC inspection.     

Sulfur-rich CpCo(dithiolene) complexes: Isostructural or non-isostructural couples of CpCo(III) with CpNi(III) dithiolene complexes

Eight new sulfur-rich [CpCo(dithiolene)] complexes were synthesized from [Zn(dmit)₂]²⁻ as a starting material. The structures, electrochemical behavior and electronic absorption spectra of the sulfur-rich [CpCo(S₂C₂S₂Y)] complexes could be compared with the early data of analogous Ni complexes. [CpCo(pddt)] (Y = -(CH₂)₃-), [CpCo(dpdt)] (Y = -CH₂C(CH₂)CH₂-), [CpCo(bddt)] (Y = -(CH₂)₄-), [CpCo(dtdt)] (Y = -CH₂SCH₂-) and [CpCo(poddt)] (Y = -CH₂C(O)CH₂-) crystallized in all isostructural with the corresponding paramagnetic [CpNi(dithiolene)] complexes, but [CpCo(dmid)] (Y = CO), [CpCo(dddt)] (Y = -(CH₂)₂-) and [CpCo(F₂pddt)] (Y = -CH₂CF₂CH₂-) crystallized in non-isostructural with them. These molecules are associated with intermolecular short S?S contacts in the crystals. [CpCo(F₂pddt)] did not show any remarkable S?S contacts but indicated interesting fluorine segregation and Cp?Cp face-to-face interactions. Redox potentials of [CpCo(dithiolene)] complexes were obtained with the cyclic voltammetry measurements and dimerized by electrochemical oxidations. Electronic absorption spectra of [CpCo(dithiolene)] complexes showed visible absorption in the range of 585-701 nm as lowest energy wavelengths (? = 9800-11,800 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) in solutions, and they were higher energy than those of [CpNi(dithiolene)] complexes (near-IR).     

Inter-collisional cutting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by high-speed agitation

High-speed agitation by a mixing blade has efficiently achieved the cutting of a large diameter (100-150 nm) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The cutting process is caused by an inter-collision of the nanotubes with high transfer energy. The collision-induced cutting allows for the shortening of the nanotubes without serious damage of the original graphitic layers due to the cutting effect being limited to the collision points. Furthermore, the operation under ambient atmosphere introduces oxygen-containing functional groups to the cut nanotubes. The estimated length distribution has indicated that high-speed agitation achieves a large cutting effect during a short duration of several minutes.     

The Gibbs Energies of Activation of Lysozyme for Viscous Flow in Water + Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solutions at 298.15 K

Gibbs energies of activation for viscous flow of binary water (1) + dimethyl sulfoxide (2) mixtures, Δμ ₁₂^○, and of lysozyme (3) in corresponding ternary mixtures, Δμ ₃^○, were determined at 298.15 K. The binary mixtures have a maximum in the value of the excess quantity for Δμ ₁₂^○ at a dimethyl sulfoxide mole fraction of x ₂≈0.31. The values of Δμ ₃^○ are larger than Δμ ₁₂^○ at all values of x ₂, even when normalized by their molar volumes, suggesting that the solvents interact more strongly with lysozyme than with themselves. The values of Δμ ₃^○ significantly increased in the range of x ₂=0.3 to 0.4 because of an increase in solvent-lysozyme interactions, which resulted from an increase in the accessible surface area of lysozyme that was exposed by its unfolding. The mean value obtained for Δμ ₃^○ per amino acid of lysozyme at x ₂=0.2 is greater than that for hydrophobic amino acids, indicating that the solvent interacts with hydrophilic amino acids more strongly than with hydrophobic ones.