Non conventional syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. 3. Synthesis of indazole derivatives

The thermal cyclization of a few 2,6-dimethylphenylazo compounds to indazole derivatives is described.     

A New Entry to Indolo[2,3-a]carbazoles

Abstract: The synthesis of the indolo[2,3-a]carbazole ring is described starting from 3-chloromethylene-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one 5 and 3-(cyano-ethoxycarbonyl-methyl)-indole-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester 4.     

In Vivo Optical Properties of Melanocytic Skin Lesions: Common Nevi, Dysplastic Nevi and Malignant Melanoma

We present an in vivo study of the optical properties of common nevi, dysplastic nevi and malignant melanoma skin lesions in human subjects. Reflectance spectra were measured on 1379 skin lesions, in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions, using a spectral imaging system, in a clinical setting. Analysis of the data using a reflectance model revealed differences between the optical properties of melanin present in nevi and melanoma lesions. These differences, which are in agreement with our previous observations on average reflectance spectra, may be potentially useful for the noninvasive characterization of pigmented skin lesions and the early diagnosis of melanoma.     

Gravity-driven azimuthal flow of a layer of thixotropic fluid on the inner surface of a horizontal tube

The gravity-driven azimuthal flow of a layer of thixotropic paint on the inner surface of a horizontal tube is studied, considering surface tension effects. Using the lubrication theory, it was shown that a non-linear, fourth-order partial differential equation governs the time evolution of the paint layer thickness distribution along the azimuthal coordinate. Three parameters arise in the analysis, namely, the Bond number and two rheology-related parameters. The governing equation is integrated via a second-order accurate finite-difference scheme. The results showed that, in situations where the capillary force dominates (Bo < 1), displacement of the paint after application is very slow. For situations where the gravity force dominates (Bo > 1), an undulation on the interface arises near the tube bottom at sufficiently large times.     

The diffraction of elastic waves by an imperfect fusion bond

We consider diffraction by a semi-infinite crack located alonga fusion interface between two differing elastic media. Twotypes of crack, namely open and partially closed cracks, areinvestigated. An open crack is modelled by a stress-free contactboundary condition and a partially closed crack is modelledby a spring contact boundary condition. For the latter, thejump in the stress across the crack is assumed to be proportionalto the jump in the displacement across the crack. This situationarises in, for example, a K-weld where the fine grain of theparent material (for example, ferritic or forged austeniticsteel) is in stark contrast with the coarse-grained weld metal(for example, austenitic weld metal). In the metal weld thedirection of the grain axis varies through the metal. However,diffraction is a local phenomenon and so the austenitic steelis assumed to have a zonal axis so that it may be modelled bya transversely isotropic composite. The ferritic or forged austeniticsteel will be modelled as an isotropic material.     

s-channel unitarity and inclusive distributions in cut reggeon field theory

Unitarity constraints on generalized eikonal diagrams with pomeron interactions are shown to hold in cut reggeon field theory. A non-perturbative proof of the AGK cancellation in this class of diagrams is given for the single-particle inclusive distribution. However, the two-particle distribution turns out to be modified by pomeron interactions in a non-trivial way. An approximate calculation shows that these modifications are crucial for consistency with momentum sum rules.     

Application of neutron activation analysis to metallobiochemistry

Some typical applications of long-term/low-level exposure (LLE) is presented including in vivo LLE study on rats and in vitro experiments on some metal binding components as well as on cadimium binding protein.     

Space-time description of colour screening via jet calculus techniques

The branching process characterizing the perturbative development of a chromodynamic jet up to the formation of colour singlet clusters is studied in real space-time with jet calculus techniques. Whereas the space-time separation of generic partons increases indefinitely with energy (or momentum transfer), such a separation remains finite within each colour singlet system in its own rest frame. These results add further appeal and overall consistency to the preconfinement picture.