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1.
随着经济的飞速发展,社会对能源的需求日益扩大,对工业废水的无害化处理也提出了更高的要求。光催化燃料电池 (photocatalytic fuel cell, PFC) 在燃料电池中引入半导体光催化材料作为电极,实现了有机污染物高效降解和同步对外产电的双重功能,在废水无害化与资源化利用方面具有潜在的应用价值。半导体光催化电极是PFC系统高效运行的核心组件,增强其可见光响应和光生载流子分离是提高PFC性能的关键策略。反应器结构设计和运行参数优化也有利于改善PFC性能。本文从PFC基本原理和应用入手,综述了PFC在环境污染物资源化处理中的研究进展,并详细阐述了提高PFC的污染控制性能和产电效率的优化手段,为进一步设计高效稳定的PFC系统并实现其在水污染控制和清洁能源生产中的应用提供理论指导。 相似文献
2.
Aspects of Generic Entanglement 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Patrick Hayden Debbie W. Leung Andreas Winter 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》2006,265(1):95-117
We study entanglement and other correlation properties of random states in high-dimensional bipartite systems. These correlations
are quantified by parameters that are subject to the ``concentration of measure' phenomenon, meaning that on a large-probability
set these parameters are close to their expectation. For the entropy of entanglement, this has the counterintuitive consequence
that there exist large subspaces in which all pure states are close to maximally entangled. This, in turn, implies the existence
of mixed states with entanglement of formation near that of a maximally entangled state, but with negligible quantum mutual
information and, therefore, negligible distillable entanglement, secret key, and common randomness. It also implies a very
strong locking effect for the entanglement of formation: its value can jump from maximal to near zero by tracing over a number
of qubits negligible compared to the size of the total system. Furthermore, such properties are generic. Similar phenomena
are observed for random multiparty states, leading us to speculate on the possibility that the theory of entanglement is much
simplified when restricted to asymptotically generic states. Further consequences of our results include a complete derandomization
of the protocol for universal superdense coding of quantum states. 相似文献
3.
We will prove a result concerning the inclusion of non-trivial invariant ideals inside non-trivial ideals of a twisted crossed
product. We will also give results concerning the primeness and simplicity of crossed products of twisted actions of locally
compact groups on -algebras.
Received: 25 January 2002; in final form: 22 May 2002/Published online: 2 December 2002
This work is partially supported by Hong Kong RGC Direct Grant. 相似文献
4.
5.
Mishra SR Bachmann KT Bernstein RH Blair RE Foudas C Lefmann WC Leung WC Oltman E Quintas PZ Sciulli FJ Shaevitz MH Smith WH Merritt FS Oreglia MJ Schellman H Schumm BA Borcherding F Fisk HE Lamm MJ Marsh W Merritt KW Yovanovitch DD Bodek A Budd HS Sakumoto WK 《Physical review letters》1989,63(2):132-135
6.
7.
Two fluorophore-nitrilotriacetic acid conjugates, Pro-Q Sapphire 365 and Pro-Q Sapphire 488 oligohistidine gel stains, have been developed for the fluorescence detection of fusion proteins containing oligohistidine tags directly in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, without the requirement for electroblotting, reporter enzymes or secondary detection reagents. Pro-Q Sapphire 365 oligohistidine gel stain exhibits bright-blue fluorescence (emission maximum = 450 nm) when illuminated with UV-A or UV-B light from a standard ultraviolet transilluminator. Pro-Q Sapphire 488 oligohistidine gel stain exhibits bright-green fluorescence (emission maximum = 515 nm) when illuminated with visible light from a laser-based gel scanner equipped with a 470 nm second-harmonic generation (SHG) or 488 nm argon-ion laser source. Typically, 25-65 ng of oligohistidine-tagged fusion protein in whole cell lysates is detectable using either stain. After documenting the fluorescence signal from the Pro-Q Sapphire dyes, gels may be post-stained with the red-fluorescent SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain in order to reveal the total protein pattern. 相似文献
8.
Treatment of [Ti(O-i-Pr)(2)Cl(2)] with NaL(OEt) (L(OEt)(-) = [CpCo[P(O)(OEt)(2)](3)](-), Cp = eta(5)-C(5)H(5)) afforded [L(OEt)Ti(O-i-Pr)(2)Cl] that reacted with HCl in ether to give [L(OEt)TiCl(3)] (1). The average Ti-O and Ti-Cl distances in 1 are 1.975 and 2.293 A, respectively. Reaction of titanyl sulfate with NaL(OEt) in water followed by addition of HBF(4) afforded [L(OEt)TiF(3)] (2), the Ti-O and Ti-F distances of which are 2.020(2) and 1.792(2) A, respectively. The Zr(IV) analogue [L(OEt)ZrF(3)] (3) was prepared similarly from zirconyl nitrate, NaL(Oet), and HBF(4) in water. The Zr-O and average Zr-F distances in 3 are 2.139(2) and 1.938(2) A, respectively. Treatment of 1 with tetrachlorocatechol (H(2)Cl(4)cat) afforded [L(OEt)Ti(Cl(4)cat)Cl] (4). The average Ti-O(P), Ti-O(C), and Ti-Cl distances in 4 are 1.972, 1.926, and 2.334 A, respectively. Hydrolysis of 4 in the presence of Et(3)N yielded the mu-oxo dimer [(L(OEt))(2)Ti(2)(Cl(4)cat)(2)(mu-O)] (5). The average Ti-O(P), Ti-O(C), and Ti-O(Ti) distances in 5 are 2.027, 1.926, and 1.7977(9) A. Treatment of 1 with 1,1'-binaphthol (BINOLH(2)) in the presence of Et(3)N afforded [(L(OEt))(2)Ti(2)(mu-O)(2)(mu-BINOL)] x 2BINOLH(2) (6.2BINOLH(2)). Complex 1 is capable of catalyzing ring opening of epoxides with Me(3)SiN(3) under solvent-free conditions presumably via a Ti-azide intermediate. 相似文献
9.
An organopalladium complex containing ortho-metalated (S)-(1-(dimethylamino)ethyl)naphthalene as the chiral auxiliary has been used to promote the asymmetric hydrophosphination reactions between diphenylphosphine and (E)- or (Z)-diphenyl-1-propenylphosphine in high regio- and stereoselectivities under mild conditions. Hydrophosphination of (Z)-diphenyl-1-propenylphosphine with diphenylphosphine gave (S)-(-)-prophos as the major product. Using the same chiral metal template, the corresponding hydrophosphination reaction with (E)-diphenyl-1-propenylphosphine gave (R)-(+)-prophos predominantly. The hydrophosphination reactions generated the asymmetric diphosphines as bidentate chelates on the chiral naphthylamine palladium templates. The template products obtained undergo cis-trans isomerization in solution to form an equilibrium mixture of regioisomers. X-ray analysis of the major template products obtained from the hydrophosphination of (Z)-diphenyl-1-propenylphosphine reveals that the two regioisomers are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio. The naphthylamine auxiliary could be removed chemoselectively from the template products by treatment with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form the corresponding optically pure neutral complexes [(R)- or (S)-(prophos)PdCl(2)]. Subsequently, the (R)- and (S)-dichloro complexes undergo ligand displacement with aqueous cyanide to generate the corresponding optically pure diphosphine ligands in high yields. Mechanistic pathways explaining the stereoselectivity of the chiral organopalladium template promoted hydrophosphination reactions are also proposed. 相似文献