Utersuchung von Mehl und Getreide

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

High precision delta(17)O isotope measurements of oxygen from silicates and other oxides: method and applications

The use of infrared laser-assisted fluorination to release oxygen from milligram quantities of silicates or other oxide mineral grains is a well-established technique. However, relatively few studies have reported the optimisation of this procedure for oxygen-17 isotope measurements. We describe here details of an analytical system using infrared (10 μm) laser-assisted fluorination, in conjunction with a dual inlet mass spectrometer of high resolving power ( approximately 250) to provide (17)O and (18)O oxygen isotope measurements from 0.5-2 mg of silicates or other oxide mineral grains. Respective precisions (1) of typically 0.08 and 0.04 per thousand are obtained for the complete analytical procedure. Departures from the mass-dependent oxygen isotope fractionation line are quantified by Delta(17)O; our precision (1) of such measurements on individual samples is shown to be +/-0.024 per thousand. In turn, this permits the offset between parallel, mass-dependent fractionation lines to be characterised to substantially greater precision than has been possible hitherto. Application of this system to investigate the (17)O versus (18)O relationship for numerous terrestrial whole-rock and mineral samples, of diverse geological origins and age, indicates that the complete data set may be described by a single, mass-dependent fractionation line of slope 0.5244+/- 0.00038 (standard error). Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Zement

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Enhancing the SERS properties of nanoworms by matrix formation

A highly SERS-active substrate was fabricated by trapping gold "nanoworms" on commercially available filter membranes providing significant enhancement of the Raman signal as a result of the remarkable electromagnetic couplings induced by the dense packing. The resultant substrate provides a simple and cost-effective porous SERS surface for use and quantitative analytical procedures.     

SERS activity and stability of the most frequently used silver colloids

Single‐molecule detection by surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectroscopy has been demonstrated for a variety of molecules. The detection of single molecules that do not have a resonance contribution, SERS, has been shown in the case of adenine. However, when colloidal particles isolated on planar substrates are used as the enhancing medium, the presence of anomalous signals significantly complicates the analysis of the spectra. Selection of a silver colloid that minimizes these spurious signals should improve the ultra‐sensitive detection of non‐resonant single molecules by SERS. A range of silver colloids, prepared by different methods, were investigated with respect to their activity and stability. Minimal anomalous signals were obtained from hydroxylamine‐reduced silver colloids, which suggests that this colloid will be better for ultra‐sensitive SE(R)RS experiments compared to the more common citrate‐ and borohydride‐reduced silver colloids. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

泥沙输运模拟综述——现状及其发展趋势

随着流体力学中数值方法的飞速发展,计算模型已经成为研究流体运动,泥沙输运和不同环境(诸如河流,湖泊及沿海地区)中相应污染物归趋过程等方面非常有吸引力的工具,在过去的30多年里,发展了许多计算水动力学/泥沙输运模型.文章追溯当前具有代表性的(一维、二维、三维)模型的发展历程,描述他们各自的特点,优势及局限,力图作为对模型方面感兴趣读者的第一指南,同时也为大家讨论模型的局限性,未来的发展趋势和研究需求方面搭建一个平台.给出了模型的表达,时空特性,水动力学和沉积物的耦合方式,处理非恒定流,推移质和悬移质,泥沙交换过程,泥沙类型(粘性或非粘性)及非均匀泥沙输运的能力.总结了不同模型的应用实例,读者可以运用这些例子作为研究模型设置,模型率定及模型验证的参考.给出了选择泥沙输运模型应遵循的原则,模型输入及率定方面存在的问题及改进的途径.探讨了现有水动力学/泥沙输运模型在处理复杂湍流,泥沙携带,流动与输沙耦合,非均匀泥沙,离散和扩散系数,河岸来沙处理等方面的局限性及改进的方向.最后,对基于多相流思想的泥沙输运模型及其它一些交叉性问题作了评述与展望.     

Surface enhanced optical spectroscopies for bioanalysis

Surface enhancement can provide improved detection sensitivity in a range of optical spectroscopies. When applied to bioanalysis these enhanced techniques allow for the detection of disease biomarkers at lower levels, which has a clear patient benefit. However, to achieve widespread clinical use of surface enhanced techniques there remain several "grand challenges". In this review we consider the substrates employed to achieve enhancement before reviewing each enhanced optical technique in detail; surface plasmon resonance, localised surface plasmon resonance, surface enhanced fluorescence, surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy and surface enhanced (resonance) Raman spectroscopy. Finally we set out the "grand challenges" currently facing the field.