Determination of Formation Regions of Titanium Phosphates; Determination of the Crystal Structure ofβ-Titanium Phosphate, Ti(PO4)(H2PO4), from Neutron Powder Data

The formation region of the various types of layered titanium hydrogen phosphate hydrates was investigated. The materials were prepared by hydrothermal methods, treating amorphous titanium phosphate with phosphoric acid (8 to 16M) in the temperature range 175 to 250°C. The materials obtained were:α-Ti(HPO₄)₂·H₂O,γ-Ti(PO₄)(H₂PO₄)·2H₂O, and its anhydrous formβ-Ti(PO₄)(H₂PO₄). The structure ofβ-Ti(PO₄)(H₂PO₄) has been determined by Rietveld powder refinement of high resolution neutron diffraction data. The structure is refined in the monoclinic space groupP2₁/n(No. 14). The unit cell parameters are:a=18.9503(4) Å,b=6.3127(1) Å,c=5.1391(1) Å,β=105.366(2)°;Z=4. The final agreement factors were:R_p=2.9% andR_wp=3.8%. The structure ofβ-Ti(PO₄)(H₂PO₄) is built from TiO₆octahedra linked together by tertiary phosphate (PO₄) and dihydrogen phosphate ((OH)₂PO₂) tetrahedra. The layers are held together by hydrogen bonds.     

Muffin-tin orbital Wannier-like functions for insulators and metals.

Herein, we outline a method that is able to generate truly minimal basis sets that accurately describe either a group of bands, a band, or even just the occupied part of a band. These basis sets are the so-called NMTOs, muffin-tin orbitals of order N. For an isolated set of bands, symmetrical orthonormalization of the NMTOs yields a set of Wannier functions that are atom-centered and localized by construction. They are not necessarily maximally localized, but may be transformed into those Wannier functions. For bands that overlap others, Wannier-like functions can be generated. It is shown that NMTOs give a chemical understanding of an extended system. In particular, orbitals for the pi and sigma bands in an insulator, boron nitride, and a semimetal, graphite, will be considered. In addition, we illustrate that it is possible to obtain Wannier-like functions for only the occupied states in a metallic system by generating NMTOs for cesium. Finally, we visualize the pressure-induced s-->d transition.     

On-line dialysis and weak cation-exchange enrichment of dialysate. Automated high-performance liquid chromatography of pholcodine in human plasma and whole blood.

An automated method for the determination of pholcodine in plasma and whole blood is described. The technique combines dialysis and trace enrichment prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. Dialysis, trace enrichment on a weak cation-exchange column, separation on a cyano column and fluorescence detection was shown to be an extremely selective and sensitive method. The method has been used successfully in the analysis of real samples after administration of pholcodine. The automated method can be used, after minor modification, to determine other basic drugs in whole blood and plasma.     

All-fiber mode-locked fiber laser

An environmentally stable mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation is experimentally demonstrated. The laser is based on a novel laser configuration that has negligible low-power steady-state reflectivity from one side and, consequently, no CW gain. The laser is self starting and the configuration is implementable as an all-fiber laser with standard polarization-maintaining fiber-pigtailed components. A pulse duration of 5.6 ps is obtained at a repetition rate of 5.96 MHz and at an average power of 8 mW. As an application of the proposed laser configuration, 213 mW of supercontinuum (600-1750 nm) was demonstrated from a fiber laser system with no sections of free-space optics.     

High energy electronic neutrino (ve) and antineutrino (ve) interactions

The total cross-sections for $\text{v}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{(}\text{v}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{)}$-nucleon scattering have been measured. A test has been made of the muon number conservation law. A limit of 2.4 GeV is found the mass of the “Georgi-Glashow type” heavy lepton     

Computing Approximating Automata for a Class of Hybrid Systems

This paper presents a new algorithm for generating finite-state automata models of hybrid systems in which the continuous-state dynamics can be switched when the continuous-state trajectory generates threshold events. The automata state transitions correspond to threshold events and the automata states correspond to portions of the threshold surfaces in the continuous state space. The hybrid system dynamics are approximated by the automata models in the sense that the languages of threshold event sequences generated by the automata contain the threshold event language for the hybrid system. Properties of the algorithm for constructing and refining the approximating automata are demonstrated and the application of approximating automata for system verification is illustrated for a switching controller for an inverted pendulum. Relationships to other approaches to hybrid system synthesis and verification are also discussed.