A novel method for the facile synthesis of depsipeptides

A one pot, high yield synthesis of depsipeptides is described involving room temperature condensation of hindered substrates (N-Boc amino acids and benzyl α-hydroxy esters) in the presence of DCC and a dialkylaminopyridine. In this manner previously inaccessible depsipeptides were prepared.     

A separated flow model for predicting two-phase pressure drop and evaporative heat transfer for vertical annular flow

A separated flow model has been developed that is applicable to vertical annular two-phase flow in the purely convective heat transfer regime. Conservation of mass, momentum, and energy are used to solve for the liquid film thickness, pressure drop, and heat transfer coefficient. Closure relationships are specified for the interfacial friction factor, liquid film eddy-viscosity, turbulent Prandtl number, and entrainment rate. Although separated flow models have been reported previously, their use has been limited, because they were tested over a limited range of flow and thermal conditions. The unique feature of this model is that it has been tested and calibrated against a vast array of two-phase pressure drop and heat transfer data, which include upflow, downflow, and microgravity flow conditions. The agreements between the measured and predicted pressure drops and heat transfer coefficients are, on average, better or comparable to the most reliable empirical correlations. This separated flow model is demonstrated to be a reliable and practical predictive tool for computing two-phase pressure drop and heat transfer rates. All of the datasets have been obtained from the open literature.     

Chapman–Enskog Analyses on the Gray Lattice Boltzmann Equation Method for Fluid Flow in Porous Media

The gray lattice Boltzmann equation (GLBE) method has recently been used to simulate fluid flow in porous media. It employs a partial bounce-back of populations (through a fractional coefficient θ, which represents the fraction of populations being reflected by the solid phase) in the evolution equation to account for the linear drag of the medium. Several particular GLBE schemes have been proposed in the literature and these schemes are very easy to implement; but there exists uncertainty about the need for redefining the macroscopic velocity as there has been no systematic analysis to recover the Brinkman equation from the various GLBE schemes. Rigorous Chapman–Enskog analyses are carried out to show that the momentum equation recovered from these schemes can satisfy Brinkman equation to second order in \( \epsilon \) only if \( \theta = {\rm O}\left( \epsilon \right) \) in which \( \epsilon \) is the ratio of the lattice spacing to the characteristic length of physical dimension. The need for redefining macroscopic velocity is shown to be scheme-dependent. When a body force is encountered such as the gravitational force or that caused by a pressure gradient, different forms of forcing redefinitions are required for each GLBE scheme.     

Interaction forces between soft magnetic particles in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields

The influence of the magnetization of a soft magnetic sphere on the surrounding magnetic field is measured and characterized.The interaction force between two soft magnetic particles is directly measured using an ultra precision load sensor in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields. The interaction force largely follows an inverse fourth power law as a function of separation distance between particle centers. At small distances,the effect of magnetization of one particle on the magnetization of its adjacent particle causes the attractive（repulsive） force to be larger（smaller） than that predicted by the inverse fourth power law.The theoretical prediction based on a modified dipole model,that takes into account the coupling effect of the magnetization among soft magnetic particles,gives excellent agreement with the measured force in a uniform magnetic field.The interaction force under a non-uniform applied magnetic field can be reasonably predicted using the dipole-dipole interaction model when the local magnetic field is used to determine the magnetization.     

Unsteady forces on spherical bubbles

An experimental investigation of freely rising spherical bubbles through a quiescent liquid is presented. The objective of the experiments is to examine the validity of a recently proposed history force expression for clean, spherical bubbles at finite Reynolds number (Mei et al. 1994). Excellent agreement between the measured and predicted bubble trajectory is obtained when using the proposed history force expression; the data presented herein thus provide an indirect validation of the history force expression. The range of Reynolds number and Weber Number based on the terminal velocity are 13 to 212 and 0.03 to 0.69, respectively. The history force expression is only applicable when the quiescent liquid is free of contaminants. Otherwise, both the steady and unsteady forces are difficult to predict because the liquid/ vapor interface is partially immobilized.Department of Mechanical Engineering     

A film boiling model for cryogenic chilldown at low mass flux inside a horizontal pipeline

A film boiling heat transfer model is developed for cryogenic chilldown at low mass flux inside a horizontal pipeline. It incorporates the stratified flow structure and is based on conservation principles of mass, momentum, and energy. Simplifying assumptions lead to an expression for the local film boiling heat transfer coefficient which varies with the azimuthal angle. The efficacy of the model is assessed by comparing the predicted wall temperature histories with those measured at several azimuthal positions and various mass fluxes. Good agreement is observed at low flux, G = 13–54 kg/m² s.     

Evaporative heat and mass transfer for the diffusion driven desalination process

An innovative Diffusion Driven Desalination process was recently described where evaporation of seawater is driven by diffusion within a packed bed. This work describes the evaporative heat and mass transfer analysis for the packed bed. Temperature and humidity data have been collected over a range of flow conditions at the inlet and outlet of the packed bed. The analysis agrees very well with the experimental data collected during this investigation and that which has been reported in the literature.     

New Analytical Solution of the Equilibrium Ampere’s Law Using the Walker’s Method: a Didactic Example

This work aims to demonstrate the analytical solution of the Grad-Shafranov (GS) equation or generalized Ampere’s law, which is important in the studies of self-consistent 2.5-D solution for current sheet structures. A detailed mathematical development is presented to obtain the generating function as shown by Walker (RSPSA 91, 410, 1915). Therefore, we study the general solution of the GS equation in terms of the Walker’s generating function in details without omitting any step. The Walker’s generating function g(ζ) is written in a new way as the tangent of an unspecified function K(ζ). In this trend, the general solution of the GS equation is expressed as exp(??2Ψ) =?4|K ^′(ζ)|²/cos²[K(ζ) ? K(ζ ^?)]. In order to investigate whether our proposal would simplify the mathematical effort to find new generating functions, we use Harris’s solution as a test, in this case K(ζ) = arctan(exp(i ζ)). In summary, one of the article purposes is to present a review of the Harris’s solution. In an attempt to find a simplified solution, we propose a new way to write the GS solution using g(ζ) = tan(K(ζ)). We also present a new analytical solution to the equilibrium Ampere’s law using g(ζ) = cosh(b ζ), which includes a generalization of the Harris model and presents isolated magnetic islands.