Studies on polymers containing functional groups. II. Polymerization behavior of o-hydroxystyrene

The polymerization behavior of o-hydroxystyrene with free-radical and cationic initiators and without an initiator was examined. The structures thus obtained were estimated. Although polymerization behavior of o-hydroxystyrene was rather complicated, according to the results, it appeared that each polymerization more or less might simultaneously follow the two types of mechanisms: normal vinyl polymerization and polymerization through the addition to benzene nuclei. The proportion of addition to benzene nuclei was considered to be highest in the polymerization with BF₃·(OEt)₂ and lowest in that with azobisisobutyronitrile. Degrees of polymerization of these polymers were low in all cases (42–82). Some brief experiments on copolymerization of o-hydroxystyrene were carried out.     

Chemical release control: Schiff bases of vinylbenzaldehyde and functional amines

Schiff base (SB) monomers of vinylbenzaldehyde with functional amines were prepared. Copolymers of SB monomers with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone soluble in aqueous solutions were obtained in most cases. However, p-aminobenzenesulfonamide monomer resulted in gel formation. Thus, the reaction of vinylbenzaldehyde copolymer with the sulfonamide was used instead of the copolymerization. The hydrolytic behaviors of SB monomers and copolymers to liberate respective amines were structure dependent and, for most copolymers, the rates were lower than those of the corresponding monomers.     

Chemical release control: Carbamates of 3-vinylphenyl and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanates and perfume and herbicide alcohols

Polymerizable carbamates were synthesized from 3-vinylphenyl and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanates and perfume and herbicide alcohols, such as 2-phenethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, 1-menthol, borneol, and 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)- and 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl alcohols. Copolymerization of these carbamate monomers and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with AIBN in dioxane gave respective copolymers. Hydrolyses of both monomers and copolymers, however, required severe acid conditions, although different chemical structures gave different hydrolytic behaviors.     

Polymeric arylsulfonylnitromethane: A novel polymer reagent

p-Vinylphenylsulfonylnitromethane ( 3 ) was synthesized by the reaction of sodium p-styrenesulfinate with nitromethane. Free radical copolymerizations of 3 with styrene and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone provided soluble copolymers. Conversions of RCH₂X (X = Br, OAc) with the copolymers as reagents proceeded in a different manner from the corresponding lowmolecular-weight compound, phenylsulfonylnitromethane, to afford RCOOH in addition to the expected RCH₂CH₂NO₂ and RCH₂COOH; no nitriles were formed.     

Flow system to gas capture from a nebulized solution

The use of aerosol produced in a nebulization chamber is proposed as an alternative to gas sample capture in flow systems. This paper describes the coupling of a sampling interface with a flow system, for in situ gas monitoring. Aspects related with the behavior of aerosol formation and gas solubilization in liquid drops are discussed. The method is applied to the determination of residual lime in acidic soils. Aliquots of 5.0 ml of 1.0 mol l⁻¹ HCl were mixed with soil samples (1 g). The CO₂ released from these samples was captured by a nebulized aerosol and determined conductivity. The analytical curve from 1.0×10⁻² to 5.0×10⁻² mol kg⁻¹ CaCO₃ was ploted applying the matrix matching approach. This proposition, allowed an increase in the sensibility with detection limit of 6.0×10⁻³ mol kg⁻¹. The precision was good (R.S.D. <3%) for an analytical frequency of 22 determinations per hour. A fair agreement, at 95% confidence level, was found between the results from the proposed method and certified values of the investigated samples.     

Protective effects of various Chinese traditional medicines against experimental cholestasis

In a previous paper, we reported that methanol extracts obtained from 13 Chinese traditional medicines showed remarkable choleretic effects in normal rats. This paper examines the protective effects against experimental cholestasis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) in rats. No medicines, including sodium dehydrocholate and 1-phenylpropanol which are used clinically as choleretic drugs, inhibited the decrease of bile flow induced by CCl4. On the other hand, Intinko-to, Saiko-seikan-to and Bohu-tusyo-san revealed marked improvement of the dysfunction in bile secretion induced by ANIT. These three medicines inhibited the decrease of excretion of bile acid or bilirubin in the bile. They also exerted a protective effect against the alterations of serum components induced by ANIT, i.e., of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and the concentration of serum bilirubin. These results indicate that methanol extracts of Intinko-to, Saiko-seikan-to and Bohu-tusyo-san demonstrate not only choleretic effects but also improvement of cholestasis and liver parenchymal injury in rats.     

Function of vinyl copolymers with pendant porphyrin or metalloporphyrin dimers as photoredox catalyst

Photoredox catalytic functions of water-soluble vinyl copolymers with pendant porphyrin or metalloporphyrin dimers were investigated. With FRA-L-ascorbic acid in aqueous solution, a vinyl copolymer bearing Mg-porphyrin dimer linked with the shortest N,N′-methylenebisamide bridge was found to have a remarkable accelerating effect under illumination of visible light as compared with that bearing Mg-porphyrin monomer and other copolymers with longer dimer bridges as well as vinyl copolymers bearing porphyrin dimers and monomer. A copolymer bearing Zn-porphyrin dimer was much inferior to that bearing monomer. Copolymers with other metals such as Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) were almost inert.     

Syntheses of polymerizable hydroquinone derivatives

Several polymerizable hydroquinone derivatives were prepared by the Williamson synthesis. Thus, hydroquinone mono(p-vinylbenzyl) ether (III-1), hydroquinone methyl p-vinylbenzyl ether (III-4), and hydroquinone benzyl p-vinylbenzyl ether (III-5), tert-butylhydroquinone mono(p-vinylbenzyl) ether (III-2), and 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone mono(p-vinylbenzyl) ether (III-3) were synthesized by the reactions of p-chloromethylstyrene with the corresponding hydroquinone derivatives in alcoholic potassium hydroxide or with their potassium salts in dipolar aprotic solvents. All monomers were found to polymerize by free-radical initiation except III-3, which required a cationic initiator.