Reactions of oxiranes with alkali metals: intermediacy of radical-anions

Reaction of oxiranes with alkali metals in aprotic solvents yields a variety of products depending on the nature of the metal and the structure of the oxirane. Deoxygenation to olefins is the major reaction in case of lithium. Rearrangement to carbonyl compounds, reduction to alcohols and formation of dimeric products occur when oxiranes are treated with sodium. All the reactions could be rationalised by a mechanism involving an initial single electron transfer leading to the formation of a radical-anion intermediate.     

Efficient Method of Synthesis of N,N′-Disubstituted Ureas/Thioureas by a Zinc Chloride Catalyzed Thermal Reaction

Symmetrically N,N′-disubstituted ureas/thioureas were synthesized by heating amines or phenyl hydrazine and urea/thiourea on a preheated hot plate at 80–85°C under solvent-free conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of ZnCl₂ as a catalyst. The protocol has the advantages of not using toxic phosgene and other hazardous substrates or organic solvents. Increased reaction rate, good yield, and a simple workup procedure are involved.     

Efficient Synthesis of N,N′‐Disubstituted Ureas/Thioureas Catalyzed by Iodine

Iodine is an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of symmetrically N,N′‐disubstituted ureas/thioureas by heating respective amines or phenyl hydrazine and urea/thiourea on a preheated hot plate at 90–95°C, under solvent‐free conditions. The yields are excellent, and the reactions go to complete within 5–10 min.     

急性心肌梗塞猝死抢救体会

总结了抢救急性心肌梗塞猝死的体会，包括：及早确诊及有效的心肺脑复苏、合理使用复苏药物和警惕老年性心梗的不典型性。     

Experimental Study of Effect of Temperature Variations on the Impedance Signature of PZT Sensors for Fatigue Crack Detection

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is recognized as an efficient tool to interpret the reliability of a wide variety of infrastructures. To identify the structural abnormality by utilizing the electromechanical coupling property of piezoelectric transducers, the electromechanical impedance (EMI) approach is preferred. However, in real-time SHM applications, the monitored structure is exposed to several varying environmental and operating conditions (EOCs). The previous study has recognized the temperature variations as one of the serious EOCs that affect the optimal performance of the damage inspection process. In this framework, an experimental setup is developed in current research to identify the presence of fatigue crack in stainless steel (304) beam using EMI approach and estimate the effect of temperature variations on the electrical impedance of the piezoelectric sensors. A regular series of experiments are executed in a controlled temperature environment (25°C–160°C) using 202 V1 Constant Temperature Drying Oven Chamber (Q/TBXR20-2005). It has been observed that the dielectric constant ε₃₃^T which is recognized as the temperature-dependent constant of PZT sensor has sufficiently influenced the electrical impedance signature. Moreover, the effective frequency shift (EFS) approach is optimized in term of significant temperature compensation for the current impedance signature of PZT sensor relative to the reference signature at the extended frequency bandwidth of the developed measurement system with better outcomes as compared to the previous literature work. Hence, the current study also deals efficiently with the critical issue of the width of the frequency band for temperature compensation based on the frequency shift in SHM. The results of the experimental study demonstrate that the proposed methodology is qualified for the damage inspection in real-time monitoring applications under the temperature variations. It is capable to exclude one of the major reasons of false fault diagnosis by compensating the consequence of elevated temperature at extended frequency bandwidth in SHM.     

Cavitational chemistry: a mild and efficient multi-component synthesis of amidoalkyl-2-naphthols using reusable silica chloride as catalyst under sonic conditions

An efficient and direct procedure for the synthesis of amidoalkyl-2-naphthol derivatives has been described. The process employs a three-component cyclocondensation reaction in one-pot using β-naphthol, aromatic aldehyde and acetamide or benzamide in the presence of silica chloride accelerated by ultrasound giving the product in excellent yield in very short duration.     

An efficient sonochemical oxidation of benzyl alcohols into benzaldehydes by FeCl3/HNO3 in acetone

Sonochemical oxidation of benzyl alcohols into corresponding aldehydes by FeCl(3)/HNO(3) in acetone at room temperature has been reported. All substrates give good yield of the products within 10-25 min. The reaction of selected substrates were also studied under reflux and at the room temperature. Further, various Lewis acids were used to evaluate their catalytic efficacy.     

Amberlite IR-120 catalyzed,microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of 2-aryl-benzimidazoles

An expeditious synthesis of 2-aryl-benzimidazoles by the condensation of o-phenylenediamine with various araldehydes is described. This greener protocol is catalyzed by Amberlite IR-120, and proceeds efficiently in the absence of any organic solvent under microwave irradiation within 3–5 min.     

Combustion Derived Nanocrystalline‐ZrO2 and Its Catalytic Activity for Biginelli Condensation under Microwave Irradiation

Nanocrystalline zirconium(IV) oxide (nc‐ZrO₂) possessing high surface area was synthesized by a low temperature eco‐friendly solution combustion method using a new organic fuel alanine. The powder XRD, SEM and surface area measurements were carried out for characterization of nc‐ZrO₂. The powder XRD results revealed that, the nc‐ZrO₂ has the pure tetragonal phase. The crystallite size calculated by Scherrer's formula and BET surface area were found to be ca. 53–57 nm and ca. 275 m²/g, respectively. SEM micrograph exhibited the macroporous nature of the powder. nc‐ZrO₂ has been employed as a catalyst for the solvent‐free synthesis of 3,4‐dihydro‐ pyrimidin‐2‐ones (DHPMs) by a microwave (MW) assisted one‐pot, multicomponent Biginelli condensation reaction of araldehydes, ethylacetoacetate and urea or thiourea. DHPMs are obtained in good to excellent yields (85%–96%) under this reaction condition within short interval of time (10–20 min).     

How Euler would compute the Euler-Poincaré characteristic of a Lie superalgebra

The Euler-Poincaré characteristic of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra vanishes. If we want to extend this result to Lie superalgebras, we should deal with infinite sums. We can observe that a suitable method of summation, which goes back to Euler, allows to do that to a certain degree. The mathematics behind it is simple: we just glue the pieces of elementary homological algebra, first-year calculus and pedestrian combinatorics together, and present them in a (hopefully) coherent manner.