A new synthetic pathway of segmented tri-block copolyether

A new synthetic pathway of A–B–A tri-block copolyether which is composed of a hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene) unit as an A part and a hydrophobic poly(oxy-2-methyl-trimethylene) unit as a B part is proposed. Telechelic α-tosyl-ω-tosyloxypoly(oxy-2-methyl-trimethylene) derived from tosylation of poly(oxy-2-methyl-trimethylene glycol) (PMTG) was allowed to react with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. T_g of the resulting A–B–A tri-block copolyether (PEMG) (M?_n = 1600) was ?72°C and its specific gravity [D₄¹⁵] was 1.055.     

Adsorption of fission products on a metal surface in nitric acid solutions: Radiochemical study using a multitracer

Adsorption behavior of fission products in nitric acid solution on various alloys and metals was studied by using a multitracer produced by neutron irradiation of UO₂. The adsorption behavior of the fission products ⁹⁹Mo, ¹³¹I, ¹³²Te, ¹⁴⁰La, and ¹⁴³Ce, and ²³⁹Np was simultaneously studied. Some chemical decontamination tests were also examined. Clear adsorption of ⁹⁹Mo, ¹³¹I, and ¹³²Te was observed, whereas adsorption of ¹⁴⁰La, ¹⁴³Ce, and ²³⁹Np was not. The adsorption characteristics were discussed by considering anion-exchange reaction and surface complexation.     

Nuclear field shift effect in isotope fractionation of thallium

Environmental transport of Tl is affected by redox reaction between Tl(I) and Tl(III) and ligand exchange reactions of them. In order to deepen the knowledge of Tl chemistry, we investigated fractionation of Tl stable isotopes (²⁰³Tl and ²⁰⁵Tl) in a chemical exchange system. Tl isotopes were fractionated in a liquid–liquid extraction system, in which aqueous and organic phases are hydrochloric acid solution and dichloroethane including a crown ether, respectively. After purification by ion-exchange chemistry, the isotope ratio of ²⁰⁵Tl/²⁰³Tl in equilibrated aqueous phase was measured precisely by multiple-collector–inductively-coupled-plasma–mass-spectrometry. A large isotope fractionation >1 ‰ was found. Electronic structures of possible Tl species (hydrated Tl⁺, Tl³⁺, and Tl chlorides) were calculated by ab initio methods, and the isotope fractionation factor was theoretically obtained. The isotope fractionation via intramolecular vibrations was calculated to be much smaller than the experimental result. The isotope fractionation via isotopic change in nuclear volume, named the nuclear field shift effect, was calculated to be >1 ‰ in Tl(I)–Tl(III) redox systems and/or ligand exchange systems of Tl(III). The nuclear field shift effect was found to be the major origin of Tl isotope fractionation.     

Comparative study of guest charge-charge interactions within silica sol-gel

We investigated the effect of charge-charge interactions on the mobilities of rhodamine 6G (R6G), Nile Red, sulforhodamine B, and Oregon Green 514 (ORG) guest molecules within a silica sol-gel host as the guest charge progressed from positive to neutral to negative. Through classification of the mobility as fixed, tumbling, or intermediate behavior, we were able to distinguish differences in surface attraction as the guest charge was varied. On the basis of our results, an attractive charge (as tested by cationic R6G) does not contribute significantly to mobility within dry films. However, an increase in the cationic influence is observed in water-equilibrated environments. A comparison of ORG in dry and water- and phosphate-buffer-equilibrated films indicates that charge repulsion does significantly increase dye rotational mobility (to a maximum of 24 +/- 3% tumbling molecules). However, in view of the percentage of tumbling molecules found, charge-charge interactions do not appear to be the dominant force controlling guest mobility.     

Large‐scale SPH simulations of droplet impact onto a liquid surface up to the consequent formation of Worthington jet

In this study, the whole process of liquid droplet impact onto a liquid surface up to the consequent formation of the central column was simulated using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method (SPH), and compared with an experiment using a high‐speed video camera. The surface tension tensor for the particle‐based expression was adequately included as the gradient of the surface tension and that enabled the simulation leading to the formations of crater and crown as well as the consequent central column. The simulated time series of the crater depth and diameter and crown height corresponded quantitatively well with the experimental result up to the rebound motion while discrepancies remained as a lower central column height in the simulation, and this seemed to be ascribed to the difficulty in realizing the complex surface structure that inevitably appeared in the fast rebound motion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Continuous dependence results for a general model of size-dependent population dynamics

We are concerned with a general model of size structured population dynamics with the growth rate depending on the individual's size and time. In this paper, we shall study the continuous dependence of the solution on all given data such as aging and birth functions, growth rate functions and initial data.     

Coordination characteristics of trivalent lanthanides and actinides in molten hydrate salts of Ca(NO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript> and CaCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Distribution behavior of Ce(III), Am(III), and Cm(III) between tri-n-butyl phosphate solution and molten calcium nitrate hydrate Ca(NO₃)₂·RH₂O or molten calcium chloride hydrate CaCl₂·RH₂O was studied radiochemically. In Ca(NO₃)₂·RH₂O systems, maximum separation factors of Ce and Cm to Am were observed to be 12 (Ce/Am) and 1.7 (Cm/Am). The distribution ratios of these elements increased with the decrease of water activity in the hydrates, and the extractabilities at the water deficient region was less sensitive compared to those at the water abundant region. This trend was similar to the coordination circumstance change observed in electronic absorption spectra of Nd(III) in the hydrates.     

Mössbauer effect of57Fe in spin frustration system,CsCoCl3

The Mössbauer spectra of 3%⁵⁷Fe doped CsCoCl₃ revealed marked relaxation in all phases. The relaxation was interpreted in terms of propagating domain walls along the magnetic chains together with the transition between the lowest doublet and the low excited singlet levels. The hyperfine field of 24.5T was observed at 4.5K.