Facile p-toluenesulfonic acid-promoted para-selective monobromination and chlorination of phenol and analogues

para-Regioselective bromination of phenol and analogues, promoted by p-toluenesulfonic acid, is achieved in high to excellent yields at room temperature with N-bromosuccinimide. Chlorination with N-chlorosuccinimide and catalysed by p-toluenesulfonic acid also gives para-chlorinated phenol analogues in good yields at room temperature.     

High-flip-angle slice-selective parallel RF transmission with 8 channels at 7 T

At high magnetic field, B(1)(+) non-uniformity causes undesired inhomogeneity in SNR and image contrast. Parallel RF transmission using tailored 3D k-space trajectory design has been shown to correct for this problem and produce highly uniform in-plane magnetization with good slice selection profile within a relatively short excitation duration. However, at large flip angles the excitation k-space based design method fails. Consequently, several large-flip-angle parallel transmission designs have recently been suggested. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a large-flip-angle parallel excitation design for 90 degrees and 180 degrees spin-echo slice-selective excitations that mitigate severe B(1)(+) inhomogeneity. The method was validated on an 8-channel transmit array at 7T using a water phantom with B(1)(+) inhomogeneity similar to that seen in human brain in vivo. Slice-selective excitations with parallel RF systems offer means to implement conventional high-flip excitation sequences without a severe pulse-duration penalty, even at very high B(0) field strengths where large B(1)(+) inhomogeneity is present.