Facile Synthesis of New Spirothiadiazolopyridazines by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition

New derivatives of the spiro type of pyridazines have been synthesized by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of N‐aryl‐C‐ethoxycarbonylnitrile imines with pyridazin‐3(2H)‐thiones. When the nitrile oxide was used, the corresponding pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one was obtained from the intermediate spirooxathiazole by elimination of isothiocyanate group. The peri‐ and regioselectivity of the reaction were ascertained by X‐ray analysis and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy of the cycloadducts 3–9.     

An adaptive finite volume box scheme for solving a class of nonlinear parabolic equations

In this work we are interested in a fully nonconforming (Crouzeix–Raviart) finite element scheme for addressing a nonlinear parabolic equation. In addition to showing the equivalence with a finite volume box scheme we derive a posteriori error indicators in time and space, uncoupled as much as possible.     

Preparation and characterization of molybdenum diselenide thin films

MoSe₂ layers, synthesized by annealing a molybdenum foil under selenium pressure, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray analysis, electron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrical resistance measurements. It has been found that stoichiometric layers are obtained after appropriate processing. The films crystallize in the hexagonal structure. The crystallites develop preferentially along the c axis. The binding energies deduced from the XPS lines were found to be in good agreement with those of the reference powder. The electrical resistance is governed by hopping conduction in the low temperature range (80–250 K) and by grain boundary scattering mechanisms at higher temperatures.     

Antioxidant activity,phytochemical screening,and total phenolic content of extracts from three genders of carob tree barks growing in Morocco

We evaluated the in vitro antioxidant property and phytochemical constituents of the crude ethyl acetate and methanol extract of the three genders of carob tree barks (spontaneous male, spontaneous female, and grafted female). The scavenging activity on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) was determined, as well as the phenolic contents (Folin–Ciocalteu method) of both the extracts. The highest antioxidant activity and the higher amounts of total phenols were shown in methanol crude bark extract for the three genders. Variety significantly affected the phenol content and the antioxidant activity, with the spontaneous male variety globally showed a higher polyphenol concentration and antioxidant activity than the grafted female and spontaneous female.     

Brittle Fracture of Aerogels: Stress Corrosion in Alcoholic Environment

The mechanical behaviour of silica aerogels in alcoholic environment has been interpreted in terms of stress corrosion in analogy with silica glass. The chemical susceptibility factor has been determined by the dynamical method and we also measured the Weibull’s modulus which characterizes the strength distribution. These data show a stress corrosion effect which is significant in alcoholic atmosphere. The results could explain a possible fracture of gels during the supercritical drying treatment as already observed.     

Stress in aerogel during depressurization of autoclave: II. Silica gels

Although supercritical drying avoids the capillary stresses that tend to warp and crack xerogels, there are other sources of stress that interfere with the preparation of monolithic aerogels. In this paper, we present experimental results showing that there is a limit to the rate at which the pressure can be released from the autoclave without causing cracking, and that the maximum rate decreases as the gel size increases. Using an analysis developed in a companion paper, the stresses generated during depressurization are compared to the modulus of rupture of our aerogels. The calculations require knowledge of the pressure-dependence of the density of the vapor (ethanol, in our experiments), as well as the permeability and modulus of the gel network. Measurements of those properties were performed on a series of silica gels made under basic and neutral conditions. We find that the calculated stresses are large enough to account for the cracking of our gels at high rates of depressurization; moreover, the predicted dependence of stress on gel diameter is in agreement with experiment.     

Decomposition of group rings and the converse of Schur’s lemma

In this work, we give necessary and su?cient conditions for a group ring (of finite group) to satisfy the converse of Schur’s lemma for group rings of finite groups. Rings considered here are commutative or noncommutative perfect. Some cases of twisted group rings are studied. Also we introduce the notion of semi-CSL ring.     

Comparison between flexural and uniaxial compression tests to measure the elastic modulus of silica aerogel

The Young’s moduli of a set of silica aerogels have been measured by two techniques: 3-point bending and uniaxial compression. The data found by the two methods differ strongly. The uniaxial compression test gives generally underestimated values of Young’s modulus, because of geometrical effects. The appropriate gauge lengths were estimated based on the discussion of Euler buckling and nonuniform stress distribution. The measured compressive moduli were analyzed to correct for machine compliance and possible misalignment under compression of the aerogels. Similarly, moduli obtained by 3-point bending depend on the length/thickness ratio of the sample, reaching equilibrium only for ratios above about 10. The corrected compressive moduli were comparable to those measured by 3-point bending on samples of sufficient length.     

Insecticidal effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha pulegium</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha suaveolens</Emphasis> Ehrh. hydrosols against a pest of citrus, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Toxoptera aurantii</Emphasis> (Aphididae)

Essential oils proved their efficiency as natural insecticides to fight many pests of stored products and crops whereas the hydrosols have not been evaluated yet. The objective of this work is to assess the insecticidal effect of hydrosols extracted from Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. and Mentha pulegium L. toward an insect pest of citrus, Toxoptera aurantii (Homoptera, Aphididae). The extraction of hydrosols was carried out by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus and then the chemical composition was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The chemical composition of two hydrosols revealed the abundance of hydrophilic and oxygenated compounds as piperitenone oxide and carvacrol. Different concentrations of each hydrosol were separately diluted in distilled water and applied topically to aphids. The results of this investigation have shown a high insecticidal effect, and the M. suaveolens hydrosol is more effective against citrus pests than that of M. pulegium L. Consequently, these natural compounds can be used in the management of aphids on citrus.