Neue Methoden zur Gehaltsbestimmung von Indolyl-3-brenztraubens?ure

Zusammenfassung Es werden 3 Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Indolyl-3-brenztraubensäure über ihren mit Diazomethan gewonnenen Methylester beschrieben, wobei die Lösung des Methylesters mit Dichlorphenolin-dophenol oxydiert wird. Bei der Methode A wird der Überschuß des Oxy-dationsmittels titrimetrisch mit Fe^II(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂ zurückgemessen, bei der Methode B wird die Extinktionsabnahme des Oxydationsmittels in verdünnter propanolischer Lösung bei 635 nm gemessen. Bei Methode C wird der bei der Oxydation aus dem Indolyl-3-brenztraubensäuremethylester gebildete grüne Farbstoff mit Amylalkohol extrahiert und die Absorption bei 662 nm gemessen. Diese Methode ist für die Untersuchung von Rein- und Rohpräparaten am besten geeignet.

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Summary Three methods are described for the estimation of indole-3-pyruvic acid using the methyl ester of the acid, which is oxidized by dichlorphenolindophenol. In method A the excess of DCPIP is determined titrimetrically by Fe^II(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂, in method B the decrease of the extinction of the oxidizing agent in diluted propanolic solution is measured at 635 nm, in method C the green oxidation product of the methyl ester formed during the reaction is extracted by n-pentanol and the absorption is determined spectrophotometrieally at 662 nm. This latter method is the most suitable one for the analysis of pure preparations and crude products.

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Ich danke Herrn Professor Dr. M. Steiner für die Untersützung der Arbeit durch Mittel des Institutes; Fräulein S. Ritter und Herrn E. Fritz für die Mitarbeit bei den Versuchen.     

Photochemical preparation of highly functionalized 1-indanones

A series of o-alkylphenyl alkyl ketones 1 were synthesized by different methods. The presence of a leaving group X adjacent to the carbonyl group is the special peculiarity of these ketones. Upon irradiation the keto carbonyl group of these compounds undergoes an n-pi* excitation followed by a 1,5-hydrogen migration from the o-alkyl substituent to the carbonyl oxygen atom. The thus formed 1,4-diradicals are subject to a very rapid elimination of acid HX, giving 1,5-diradicals. We called this process spin center shift. After intersystem crossing these diradicals cyclize to 1-indanones 20 in good yields. Depending on the solvent and on substituents, o-alkoxyalkyl ketones 22 or benzo[c]furanes 21 are obtained as byproducts. The mechanism of the cyclization was elucidated by quantum chemical calculations and kinetic measurements.     

Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol on zoo- and phytoplankton in lentic microcosms

The effects of 17-ethinylestradiol (EE), an endocrine disruptor, on zoo- and phytoplankton were studied in outdoor 230-L still-water microcosms. Cell density and biomass, diversity, and community composition were analyzed. Five microcosms were treated by controlled release for six weeks, three by direct application of EE. To investigate recovery, sampling was continued for four weeks after treatment. Most characteristics of the zooplankton were not unambiguously affected by EE. Only the relative density of copepods, especially of their larvae, decreased significantly after EE application. For phytoplankton, no unambiguous concentration- or toxodose-correlated effects on any biotic characteristics could be found. However, most properties of the phytoplankton deviated from those of controls, i.e. tended to be smaller (number of species per microcosm, biomass, cell density) or covered a wider range (diversity, evenness). PCA indicated a shift of species structure in the treated microcosms. This was supported by the species scores calculated by the principal response curve method, although the principal response curve itself showed no clear EE-correlated shifts. High variability within the biocenosis between microcosms and over time, probably because of disturbance of the ecosystem before starting of the test, might have superimposed EE-dependent effects.Abbreviations c _dt Canonical coefficient - CRD Controlled-release device - E Shannon–Wiener index for evenness - EC10 Effect concentration for 10% of maximum effect - EC50 Effect concentration for 50% of maximum effect - EE 17-Ethinylestradiol - H Shannon–Wiener index for diversity - LPDE Low density polyethylene - NOEC No observed effect concentration - PCA Principal component analysis - PRC Principal response curve - RDA Redundancy analysis - SD Standard deviation     

Evaluation of soot particles of biomass fuels with endocrine-modulating activity in yeast-based bioassay

Exposure to indoor air pollution (IAP) from the combustion of biomass fuels is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In the work discussed in this paper we evaluated the endocrine activity of soot particles from biomass fuels by using yeast bioassay. These pollutants could have -galactosidase activity with a relative potency (RP) about 10^–7–10^–9 that of estradiol. Soot particles from wood and straw combustion only partially induced -galactosidase activity whereas others produced fully inductive activity in the yeast assay system. These pollutants did not have estrogen antagonist and progesterone agonist activity within the defined concentration range. However, these pollutants require 2–4 orders of magnitude higher IC50 to inhibit the activity of progesterone in a similar dose-response manner to mifepristone. We therefore propose that the endocrine activity of some environmental pollutants may be because of inhibition of the progesterone receptor (hPR). GC–MS results showed that substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds, substituted phenolic compounds and derivatives, aromatic carbonyl compounds, and phytosteroids in these soot particles may be mimicking endogenous hormones.     

Estimation of soil organic partition coefficients: from retention factors measured by soil column chromatography with water as eluent

The retention factors (k) of 104 hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) were measured in soil column chromatography (SCC) over columns filled with three naturally occurring reference soils and eluted with Milli-Q water. A novel method for the estimation of soil organic partition coefficient (Koc) was developed based on correlations with k in soil/water systems. Strong log Koc versus log k correlations (r>0.96) were found. The estimated Koc values were in accordance with the literature values with a maximum deviation of less than 0.4 log units. All estimated Koc values from three soils were consistent with each other. The SCC approach is promising for fast screening of a large number of chemicals in their environmental applications.     

Antibiotics from algae—XXVIII: Cleavage of high molecular phlorotannin derivatives from the brown alga fucus vesiculosus L

A mixture of various high molecular weight phenols containing phlorotannins was extracted from the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus, and phase transfer catalytically methylated in the presence of Adogen 464. Aromatic ether chains of permethylated phlorotannins and of a few low molecular weight model compounds were cleaved with sodium in liquid ammonia. A number of methoxylated phenols, biphenyls, diphenyl ethers and phenoxy-biphenyls were isolated from the mixture of cleavage products. Analysis of these cleavage products proves the occurrence of the substitution patterns already known for low molecular weight phlorotannins consisting of polyhydroxyphenols derived from phloroglucinol and indicates the presence of additional substitution patterns in high molecular phlorotannins.     

Antibiotica aus algen—XVI : Polyhydroxyphenyläther aus der phaeophycee Halidrys siliquosa

With the aid of preparative layer chromatography several compounds could be isolated from a mixture of acetylated phenols obtained from Halidrys siliquosa (L.) Lyngbye. Peracetylated heptafuhalol as well as its deacetylpermethyl derivative were examined by MS, IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR methods. Other constituents are probably lower members of a homologous series with 6, 5 and 4 phloroglucinol nuclei, respectively. The established building principle is also valid for a “high molecular mass polymer” fraction of acetylated phenols from Halidrys. The free phenols have the properties of tannins, and will be denoted phlorotannins.     

Detection of catecholamines in single specimens of groundwater amphipods

Catecholamines play essential roles in several physiological processes in vertebrates as well as in invertebrates. While several studies have shown the presence of these substances in surface water invertebrates, their occurrence in groundwater fauna is unproven. In the present study, the presence of different catecholamines (i.e., noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine) in individual specimens of groundwater amphipods of the genus Niphargus (mostly Niphargus inopinatus) was investigated via two independent analytical methods: HPLC/EcD and UPLC/TOF-MS. Mean values for catecholamine levels were 533 pg mg^?1 fresh weight for noradrenaline, 314 pg mg^?1 for adrenaline, and 16.4 ng mg^?1 for dopamine. The optimized protocol allowed the detection of CAs in single organisms of less than 1 mg fresh weight. Catecholamine concentration patterns in groundwater invertebrates are briefly discussed here with respect to their evolutionary adaptation to an environmentally stable, energy-poor habitat.