The Study of Water Structure in Aqueous Solutions of Butoxyethanol by Enthalpy of Mixing Measurements

In order to confirm the existence of regions I and II in aqueous solutions of butoxyethanol(BE), the concentration and temperature dependences of enthalpies of mixing of aqueous BE solutions with some organic solvents were measured. It has been found that the increments of apparent enthalpies of mixing per mole of water with respect to the mole fraction of BE change irregularly at a certain concentration. This concentration nearly corresponds to the reported boundary between regions I and II. Although similar behavior has also been observed in aqueous solutions of iso-butoxyethanol, aqueous solutions oftert-butoxyethanol have shown no anomalous behaviors. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On quantization of systems with actions unbounded from below

We consider two possible approaches to the problem of the quantization of systems with actions unbounded from below: the Borel summation method applied to the perturbation expansion in the coupling constant and the method based on the kerneled Langevin equation for stochastic quantization. In the simplest case of an anharmonic oscillator, the first method produces Schwinger functions, even though the corresponding path integral diverges. The solutions of the kerneled Langevin equation are studied both analytically and numerically. The fictitious time averages are shown to have limits that can be considered as the Schwinger functions. The examples demonstrate that both methods may give the same result.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 109, No. 2, pp. 175–186, November, 1996.