Five-step phase-shifting algorithms with unknown values of phase shift

The presented work offers new algorithms for phase evaluation in interferometric measurements. Several phase-shifting algorithms with an arbitrary but constant phase-shift between captured intensity frames are proposed. These phase calculation algorithms need to measure five frames of the intensity of the interference field. The algorithms are similarly derived as so called Carré algorithm. The phase evaluation process then does not depend on the linear phase shift errors. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of the algorithms with respect to most important factors, which affect interferometric measurements, is carried out. It is also studied the dependency of the evaluation algorithms on the phase shift values, and the proposed phase calculation algorithms are compared with respect to the resulting phase errors. The influence of most important factors in the measurement and evaluation process was simulated as systematic and random errors using a proposed mathematical model.     

Messung der Gewebetemperatur mit infrarotem Thermometer in einer Trockenanlage

Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine theoretische Analyse der kontaktlosen Temperaturmessung des an der Spann-, Trocken- und Fixiermaschine bearbeiteten Gewebes vorgenommen. Der Einfluß der Trocknerwand ist durch die Korrektive Funktion ausgedrückt, zu deren Festlegung ein allgemein anwendbares Diagramm zusammengestellt wurde. Dabei wird die Tatsache berücksichtigt, daß die Messung in einem beschränkten Teil des Spektrums durchgeführt wird, welcher außerhalb der Wasserdampfabsorptionsbänder liegt.

---

Measuring temperature of textiles in driers with infrared thermometer

The paper undertakes a theoretical analysis of contactless temperature measurement of textiles processed on a stretching, drying and fixation machine. The effect of the drier wall is expressed through a corrective function for whose determination a universal diagram has been established. The measurements have been performed in a narrow part of the spectrum lying outside the water vapour absorption bands.

---

Formelzeichen B W· m^–2 Effektive Wärmestromdichte durch Strahlung - K _i Radiationskoeffizient für Oberflächei - q W · m^–2 Wärmestromdichte durch Strahlung - T K Temperatur - t °C Temperatur - dtj Kroneckersches Symbol - Emissionsgrad der Oberfläche - m Wellenlänge - _ij Radiationskoeffizient - _T W·m ^–2 ·K ^–4 Koeffizient in der Gleichung (2) - Winkelkoeffizient für Strahlung zwischen Oberflächen 1, 2 - – Korrektionsfunktion - W·m ^–2 Wärmestromdichte des schwarzen Körpers Indizes c Gewebe - M Meßwert - w Trocknerwand     

Pulse radiolysis study of I− oxidation with radical anions Cl2 ⋅− in an aqueous solution

Radiation-chemical transformations of chloride solutions in the presence of iodide additives were studied by pulse radiolysis. Radical anion Cl₂ ^⋅− oxidize I⁻ ion, while in the secondary reactions Cl₂ reacts with I⁻ to form a mixed trihalide ion ICl₂ ⁻. A reaction model that satisfactorily describes the experimental data was proposed. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1336–1340, June, 2005.     

Determination of uranium by thermal and epithermal neutron activation in natural waters and in human urine

Uranium is determined via its ²³⁹U nuclide (74.0 keV, t_{$\text{1}\text{2}$} = 23.5 min) in natural waters down to 0.03 ng U ml^-1 after preconcentration with activated carbon and oxine; 30-min irradiation and counting times are used. No preconcentration is required for samples containing more than 4 ng U ml^-1 with 10-min irradiation and counting times. Uranium in urine can be determined under a boron shield at the 5 ng ml^-1 level after 30-min irradiation and counting.     

Thermodynamic Properties and Melting Behavior of Bi–Sn–Zn Alloys

Summary. The partial and integral enthalpies of mixing of liquid Bi–Sn–Zn alloys were determined at 500°C by a drop calorimetric technique using a Calvet-type microcalorimeter. The ternary interaction parameters in the Bi–Sn–Zn system were fitted using the Redlich-Kister-Muggianu model for substitutional solutions, and isoenthalpy curves of the integral molar enthalpy of mixing at 500°C were constructed. Furthermore, a DSC technique was used to determine the liquidus temperatures in three sections (3, 5, and 7 at.% Zn) as well as the invariant reaction temperature of the ternary eutectic L ⇄ (Bi) + (Sn) + (Zn). The ternary eutectic reaction was found at 135°C.     

Theoretical studies of photodissociation and rydbergization in the first triplet state (3s3A″2) of ammonia

Ab initio investigations at the RHF and CI levels have been carried out on a section of the potential energy surface of the Rydberg 3s³A″₂ state of NH₃ leading to dissociation into NH₂(²B₁) and H(²S). It was found that the barrier towards dissociation is due to a Rydberg-valence transformation. The barrier height calculated with the CI wavefunction is significantly smaller than at the RHF level The results may explain the difficulties associated with experimental observation of the 3s³A″₂ state.     

Laser-pulse photocurrent transient measurements at oxygen evolving n-PtS2

Laser-pulse transient measurements have been performed at single crystalline n-PtS₂ electrodes with the aim of understanding light-induced hydroxide, oxide and oxygen formation. Different detected time constants permit the identification of distinct reaction products. They form surface states which function both as centers for recombination and charge accumulation in the interface. The rate constants determined are influenced by the RC-constant of the measuring circuit and can be interpreted only qualitatively. In the presence of recombination processes time constants faster than R_LC_SC are found. Evidence is given that the reaction step leading to oxygen evolution is dependent on the building-up of an electric field in the Helmholtz layer. This result may be of importance for the development of materials for the photoelectrolysis of water.