Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have garnered tremendous attention in the field of next energy storage devices due to their high safety, low cost, abundant resources, and eco-friendliness. As an important component of the zinc-ion battery, the electrolyte plays a vital role in the electrochemical properties, since it will provide a pathway for the migrations of the zinc ions between the cathode and anode, and determine the ionic conductivity, electrochemically stable potential window, and reaction mechanism. In this Minireview, a brief introduction of electrochemical principles of the aqueous ZIBs is discussed and the recent advances of various aqueous electrolytes for ZIBs, including liquid, gel, and multifunctional hydrogel electrolytes are also summarized. Furthermore, the remaining challenges and future directions of electrolytes in aqueous ZIBs are also discussed, which could provide clues for the following development. 相似文献
Recently, polymeric materials have been filled with synthetic or natural inorganic compounds in order to improve their properties. Especially, polymer clay nanocomposites have attracted both academic and industrial attention. Currently, the structure and physical phenomena of organoclays at molecular level are difficultly explained by existing experimental techniques. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was executed using the CLAYFF and CHARMM force fields to evaluate the structural properties of organoclay such as basal spacing, interlayer density, energy and the arrangement of alkyl chains in the interlayer spacing. Our results are in good agreement with available experimental or other simulation data. The effects of interlayer cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+), the cation exchange capacity, and the alkyl chain length on the basal spacing and the structural properties are estimated. These simulations are expected to presage the microstructure of organo-montmorillonite and lead relevant engineering applications. 相似文献
The fixed-time stabilization problem is addressed in this paper for a kind of nonholonomic systems in chained form with unmatched uncertainties and time-varying output constraints. A novel tan-type barrier Lyapunov function is introduced to deal with time-varying output constraints. Under the unified framework of the considered system with and without output constraints, a state feedback controller is designed with the aid of adding a power integrator technique and switching control strategy. It is shown that the suggested controller ensures the states of closed-loop system to zero in a given fixed time without disobeying the constraints. Finally, simulation results are given to confirm the efficacy of the presented control scheme.
Methods of measuring the sound field and focal region of a 1.05 MHz high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) are described in this paper. 1.05 MHz pulsed HIFU with intensity 2400 W/cm(2) with a 1:1 duty cycle ("on" phase equaled "off" phase) was used to irradiate terephthalic acid (TA). Pulse periods of 0.5 ms, 1 ms, 3.3 ms, 10 ms, 15 ms, 33 ms, 0.1s and 1s were used. The irradiation time was 2 min. To indicate the intensity of inertial cavitation activity, the fluorescence intensity of hydroxyterephthalic acid (HTA) was measured. The result shows that the cavitation activity of pulsed HIFU peaks at a pulse period of 10 ms, cavitation activity is significantly greater for pulse periods from 2 to 20 ms than for others. 相似文献
Smart self‐protection is essential for addressing safety issues of energy‐storage devices. However, conventional strategies based on sol‐gel transition electrolytes often suffer from unstable self‐recovery performance. Herein, smart separators based on thermal‐gated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel electrolytes were developed for rechargeable zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs). Such PNIPAM‐based separators not only display a pore structure evolution from opened to closed states, but also exhibit a surface wettability transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic behaviors when the temperature rises. This behavior can suppress the migration of electrolyte ions across the separators, realizing the self‐protection of ZIBs at high temperatures. Furthermore, the thermal‐gated behavior is highly reversible, even after multiple heating/cooling cycles, because of the reversibility of temperature‐dependent structural evolution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic transition. This work will pave the way for designing thermal‐responsive energy‐storage devices with safe and controlled energy delivery. 相似文献
Mastery over the microscopic shape and size of a nanoparticle enables accurate control of its properties for some strict application. The mechanism of shape-controlled synthesis was discussed by investigating the formation of silver nanospheres prepared by chemical reduction method using Ag(NH3)2+ as metal source, ascorbic acid as reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (K-30) as dispersant. The effects of temperature, PVP/AgNO3 mass ratio, pH value and the interaction between PVP and silver on the shape and particle size were studied by XRD and SEM. The results show that the morphology of silver particles could transform from branched to spherical and the particle size gradually decrease with the increase of PVP/AgNO3 mass ratio. The particles size can also be significantly influenced by pH value and temperature. The key point for preparing high dispersity spherical silver powder is that the growth rate of each plane of the particle must be uniform and synchronous. Silver powders with spherical particles with mean size of 0.2 μm were synthesized under the optimum conditions (PVP/AgNO3 mass ratio 0.6, pH 7, reaction temperature of 40°C). 相似文献