Permeability of N2, Ar,He, O2, and CO2 through as‐extruded amorphous and biaxially oriented polyester films: Dependence on chain mobility

For as‐extruded amorphous and biaxially orientated polyester films based on poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), and copolymers containing poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) moieties, permeability, diffusion, and solubility coefficients are interpreted in terms of chain mobility. The influence of polymer morphology is determined by comparison of the data for as‐extruded amorphous sheets and materials produced with different biaxial draw ratios. The crystallinities of the samples were assessed using differential scanning calorimetry and density measurements. Changes in mobility at a molecular level were investigated using dielectric spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The study, in conjunction with our earlier work, leads to the conclusion that the key to understanding differences in gas transport is the difference in local chain motions rather than in free volume. This was illustrated by the permeability results for He, Ar, N₂, and O₂ in the range of polyesters. However, the permeability of CO₂ was found to require alternative explanations because of polymer–penetrant interactions. For biaxially oriented samples, the differences in diffusivity are not only due to differences in local chain motions, but also additional constraints resulting from the increased crystallinity and chain rigidity—which also act to hinder segmental mobility. The effectiveness of the reduction in permeability in the biaxially oriented films is consequently determined by the ability of the polymer chains to effectively align and form crystalline structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2916–2929, 2004     

基于成像机理的小波包变换多聚焦图像融合

由于可见光成像系统的聚焦范围有限,因而在成像过程中,除聚焦良好的物体能生成清晰的图像外,该物体前后一定距离外的所有物体都将呈现不同程度的模糊.为了获得场景内所有物体均清晰的图像,在分析了多聚焦图像成像机理的基础上,提出了一种基于小波包变换的融合方法.它是将成像系统先聚焦在一部分对象上,得到其清晰的图像;然后再将其聚焦在另一部分对象上,得到另一清晰的图像;最后把这两幅实验图像加以融合,从而获得场景内所有物体均清晰的图像.实验结果表明,基于小波包变换的融合方法能够将信号的频带进行多层次划分,对高频成分也能进一步地分解,可有效综合多聚焦图像.     

Phase space dependence of the multiplicity distribution in π+ andpp collisions at 250 GeV/c

The charged particle multiplicity distribution has been studied for non-single-diffractive π⁺ p andpp collisions at \(\sqrt s = 22\) GeV, for full phase space as well as for intervals in rapidity, azimuthal angle and transverse momentum. In general, the multiplicity distribution is well described by a negative binomial. From comparison of the distribution for negative or positive particles to that of all charged particles, cascading is favoured as an interpretation over stimulated emission. Interesting consequences follow from a comparison of our results to those at collider energies and toe ⁺ e ^? data at comparable energy. Furthermore, evidence is given that the multiplicity distribution is not exactly of negative binomial type in every (connected or disconnected) phase space region.     

Forward-backward multiplicity correlations in σ+ p,K + p andpp collisions at 250 GeV/c

Forward-backward multiplicity correlations in σ⁺,K ⁺ p andpp collisions at 250 GeV/c ( \(\sqrt s \) =22 GeV) are given for all charges and for the different charge combinations. The correlations are found to be caused predominantly by centrally produced particles. It is demonstrated that this result is an agreement with observations at the ISR and the CERNp \(\bar p\) -Collider. The results are compared to expectations from LUND, DPM and FRITIOF Monte Carlo models and a geometrical picture relating correlations in hadron-hadron collisions toe ⁺ e ^? data in terms of impact parameters is tested.     

Direct optical emission spectroscopy of liquid analytes using an electrolyte as a cathode discharge source (ELCAD) integrated on a micro-fluidic chip

Atomic emission detection of metallic species in aqueous solutions has been performed using a miniaturised plasma created within a planar, glass micro-fluidic chip. Detection was achieved using an Electrolyte as a Cathode Discharge source (ELCAD) in which the sample solution itself is used as the cathode for the discharge. To realise the ELCAD technique within a micro-fluidic device, a parallel liquid-gas flow was set up in a micro-channel and a glow discharge ignited between the flowing liquid sample surface and a metal wire anode. The detection of copper and sodium was achieved, using atmospheric pressure air as a carrier gas, by observation of atomic emission lines of copper at 324 nm, 327 nm, 511 nm, 515 nm and 522 nm and an atomic emission line of sodium at 589 nm using a commercially available miniaturised spectrometer. A total electrical power of less than 70 mW was required to sustain the discharge. A semi-quantitative, absolute detection limit of 17 nmol s(-1) was obtained for sodium with a sample flow rate of 100 microL min(-1) and an integration time of 100 ms in air at atmospheric pressure. The volume required for such detection is approximately 170 nL. Further analysis was performed with an Echelle spectrometer using both argon and air as a carrier gas. The geometry and flow rates used demonstrate the feasibility of integrating such micro-plasmas into other micro-fluidic devices, such as miniaturised CE devices, as a method of detection. The potential for using such micro-plasmas within highly portable miniaturised systems and mu-TAS devices is presented and discussed.     

The initiation of polymerization by organoaluminium amides

Two organoaluminium amides have been used to initiate the polymerizations of methyl methacrylate, acetaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde. Methyl methacrylate polymerized through the vinyl function to give amorphous products. The aldehydes reacted through the carbonyl group at low temperatures with high degrees of stereospecificity to give polymers with substantial crystallinity. The molecular weight of the polyacetaldehyde is very high.     

聚醚醚酮酮和含联苯聚醚醚酮酮共聚物的熔融热

根据Ｆｌｏｒｙ热力学统计理论和比容－熔融热作国法，由ＤＳＣ结果得到了不同联苯含量的聚醚醚酮酮－含联苯聚醚醚酮酮（ＰＥＥＫＫ－ＰＥＢＥＫＫ）共聚物的熔融热，两种方法获得的结果吻合。在此基础上给出了ＰＥＥＫＫ－ＰＥＢＥＫＫ共聚物不同联苯含量的熔点计算表达式。结果还表明，随着联苯含量ｎＢ，的变化，明显改变；当ｎＢ＝０．３５时，ＰＥＥＫＫＰＥＢＥＫＫ共聚物的值最小。     

Squaric acid N-hydroxylamides: synthesis, structure, and properties of vinylogous hydroxamic acid analogues

The synthesis of squaric acid N-hydroxylamide esters 5 and amides 6 from dimethyl squarate 2a is described. These derivatives are analogues of the naturally occurring iron(III) chelator hydroxamic acid. On the basis of a comparative reactivity study, a concerted retro-Cope mechanism for the formation of the N-hydroxylamide esters 5 by reaction of dimethyl squarate with hydroxylamines is proposed. A preliminary iron(III) binding study of these hydroxamic acid analogues is presented, demonstrating binding of iron(III) to amides 6 in aqueous solutions, while the esters 5 did not show any sign of metal ion binding. 13C NMR spectroscopic data (chemical shift and spin-lattice relaxation time determination) of these and related derivatives delineate the resonance structures predominant in these molecules. The resonance structures of the derivatives rationalize their spectroscopic data, chemical reactivity, and iron(III) binding properties. Single-crystal X-ray structure analyses of squaric acid N-hydroxylamide ester 5b and squaric acid N-hydroxylamide amide 6c confirm their connectivity and provide structural evidence supporting the spectroscopically derived conclusions. The squaric acid N-hydroxylamides are potentially useful in the construction of chemosensors for iron(III).     

带甲基侧基的环氧树脂增容剂对炭黑在丁苯橡胶中分散度的影响

用自制的带甲基侧基的环氧树脂(TMBP)作为界面增容剂, 从拉伸性能、键合胶含量、动态性能、扫描电镜和流变性能等方面, 研究了TMBP对炭黑在丁苯橡胶中分散度的影响, 并与市售通用双酚A型环氧树脂(E-51)和橡胶工业常用软化剂邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)进行了比较. 结果表明, 带甲基侧基的环氧树脂TMBP在提高炭黑分散性方面的效果远比E-51好， 其作用模式具有典型的增容特性.     

Rapid method for the determination of alachlor, atrazine and metolachlor in groundwater by solid-phase extraction

A solid-phase extraction method is described for the separation of alachlor, atrazine and metolachlor from groundwater using solid-phase disposable columns. The method is rapid, reproducible and uses considerably fewer reagents than classical liquid-liquid methods. The average recoveries were greater than 90% for all three compounds.