Determination of cadmium by substoichiometric thermal neutron activation analysis

A rapid and selective method has been developed for the determination of cadmium in environmental samples by thermal neutron activation analysis, employing substoichiometric solvent extraction technique. Alcoholic solution of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole /2-HMBT/ has been used for the substoichiometric extraction of Cd/II/ from an aqueous solution of pH 7.0 into methyl iso-butyl ketone /MIBK/.     

Determination of Se,Cd, and Hg in an aquatic environment of Bombay by substoichiometric neutron activation analysis

The toxicity of Se, Cd, and Hg as environmental pollutants and the impact of these elements on the aquatic ecosystem is undisputed. The present paper reports an investigation of the concentration of Cd, Se, and Hg in an aquatic environment of a large metropolitan city like Bombay. As the toxicity of these elements manifests itself at micro and submicro levels, the very sensitive technique of neutron activation analysis was employed. A sequential substoichiometric extraction technique for the separation of radiochemically pure²⁰³Hg,⁷⁵Se, and^115–115mCd from the neutron irradiated target has also been employed.     

Instrumental neutron activation analysis of lanthanides and other elements employing CIRUS reactor as a thermal neutron source

The high thermal neutron flux provided by the CIRUS reactor (1×10¹³ n cm^–2s^–1) has been used to determine elements having long half-lives or poor thermal neutron crosssections. Selective cooling time and the use of a high resolution HPGe detector in conjunction with a PC based MCA unit have made it possible to analyze many elements in a single irradiation run. The method developed has been used for the analysis of ores such as Ilmenite, Rutile, Sillimanite, Garnet, Zircon and Monazite.     

Instrumental neutron activation determination of Pt, Ru, Ir, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Yb, Lu, Hf and Ta employing CIRUS reactor as a thermal neutron source

An accurate and simple method has been developed for the determination of Pt, Ru, Ir and other elements employing instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Nondestructive analysis has been carried out for the determination of these elements in different rock samples such as Dolerite, Dyke Dolerite, Country Basalt, Hyaloclastite, Trachyte, Ijolite, Spillite, Diorite and Lamprophyre from various locations like Daman, Tapti, Murud, Talasari, Ranala and Bassein in Maharashtra state. High flux provided by the CIRUS reactor (1×10¹³ n cm^–2s^–1) has been used for thermal neutron bombardment followed by radioassaying of the (n,) products on a HPGe detector coupled to a PC-based MCA unit.     

Determination of palladium in alloys and ores by substoichiometric thermal neutron activation analysis

A rapid, selective and simple method have been developed for the determination of palladium in alloys and ores by thermal neutron activation analysis, incorporating substoichiometric solvent extraction of Pd/II/ with 1,2,3-benzotriazole /1,2,3-BT/ into methyl iso-butyl ketone /MIBK/. Two samples and a standard can be processed and counted within two hours.     

Determination of chromium in aquatic environment by substoichiometric thermal neutron activation analysis

Chromium has been determined in environmental samples. The method described here involves the irradiation of environmental samples and a g quantity of standard with thermal neutrons at the self-serve position in the CIRUS reactor, followed by dissolution of the sample and standard in the presence of a milligram amount of carrier. Both the sample and the standard are subjected to substoichiometric extraction under controlled experimental conditions with alizarin into cyclohexane. An aliquot of the organic phase was counted on a gamma-ray spectrometer. The concentration of Cr in water samples from Bombay and Karad City, and the accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the method are discussed.     

A study on solvent extraction of gold/III/ with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole into chloroform

Ideal conditions for the extraction of Au/III/ with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole/2-HMBT/ into chloroform have been established. The effects of various parameters such as pH, time of equilibration, solvents, cation interferences, anion interferences and stoichiometry of the metal to reagent have been established.     

Solvent extraction of Co/II/ with isonitrosobenzoylacetone into chloroform

A rapid and selective method has been developed for the extraction of Co/II/ with isonitrosobenzoylacetone into chloroform. The effect of various parameters on the extraction coefficient value such as effect of pH, time of equilibration, effect of various cations and anions have been evaluated. The stoichiometry of metal to reagent determined by the method of substoichiometric extraction was found to be 12. It was further supported by the slope ratio method.     

Solvent extraction of Sb(III) with malachite green into chloroform

A rapid and selective method for the solvent extraction of Sb(III) using malachite green (C. I. Basic green 4) has been described. Effect of different parameters affecting the extraction coefficient value of Sb(III) such as acidity, time of equilibration, KI concentration, solvents, anions, etc. has been studied. For various elements the separation factor has been evaluated. The stoichiometry of the extracted species has been determined by the method of substoichiometric extraction. The decontamination factor for some elements using substoichiometric quantities of the extracting agent has been evaluated. Radiotracers were employed for the extraction studies. The method elaborated has been employed for the quantitative determination of antimony in normal, benign and cancerous tissues of the human brain.     

Structural diversity of isothiocyanato Cd(II) and Zn(II) Girard’s T hydrazone complexes in solution and solid state: effect of H-bonding on coordination number and supramolecular assembly of Cd(II) complex in solid state

The isothiocyanato Zn(II) complex (1) and mixed isothiocyanato/thiocyanato Cd(II) complex (2) with the condensation product of 2-acetylpyridine and trimethylammoniumacetohydrazide chloride (Girard’s T reagent) (HLCl) were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The crystal structures of both complexes showed tridentate N₂O coordination of hydrazine ligand. In complex 1 square-pyramidal coordination surrounding of Zn(II) consists of deprotonated hydrazone ligand and two isothiocyanato ligands, while in octahedral Cd(II) complex ligand is coordinated without deprotonation as a positively charged species and coordination geometry is completed with two N-coordinated and one S-coordinated NCS^? anions. NMR spectroscopy and molar conductivity results for Cd(II) and Zn(II) complexes indicated their instability in solution. DFT calculations were performed to explain coordination preference and stability of complexes 1 and 2 in solid state and in solution. The obtained Cd(II) complex is the first reported mononuclear pseudohalide/halide Cd(II) complex with quinoline-/pyridine-based hydrazone ligands possessing octahedral geometry in solid state. In this complex, H-bonding has significant impact on coordination number and supramolecular assembly in solid state.