Mesophase behaviour of 2,5-dibenzoyloxy-p-benzoquinone derivatives and tetrahydrobenzene tetraesters

The synthesis of 2,5-dibenzoyloxy-p-benzoquinone derivatives, their products after reduction and tetraesters from tetrahydroxybenzene prepared from those products is described. Their phase behaviour was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing microscopy and is discussed in terms of their detailed structure.     

Nachweis von Farbstoffen auf alten Textilien

A simple method of identifying the more important natural dyes that have found widespread use for dyeing textiles is described. This involves thin-layer chromatographic comparison on Mikropolyamid F 1700 (Schl. & Sch.). The reliability of dye recognition is increased by combining various methods of identification on the chromatogram by employing the following procedure: (1) The normal coloration, (2) the fluorescent colour in UV light, (3) the change in shade with ammoniacal steam, and (4) the colour reaction with aluminium salts or, where hydroxyflavones have already been identified by reaction (3), with iron(III) chloride. In addition, various specific reactions for identifying individual natural colours are given. Furthermore, methods are indicated whereby identification can be effected by comparing infra-red spectra after a simple preparation of the sample.     

ExplicitN-polynomials of 2-power degree over finite fields,I

For an odd prime powerq the infinite field GF(q ² )= _n0 GF (q ²ⁿ ) is explicitly presented by a sequence (f _n)₁ ofN-polynomials. This means that, for a suitably chosen initial polynomialf ₁, the defining polynomialsf _nGF(q)[x] of degrees2 ⁿ are constructed by iteration of the transformation of variablexx+1/x and have linearly independent roots over GF(q). In addition, the sequences are trace-compatible in the sense that the relative traces map the corresponding roots onto each other. In this first paper the caseq1 (mod 4) is considered and the caseq3 (mod 4) will be dealt with in a second paper. This specific construction solves a problem raised by A. Scheerhorn in [11].     

Bell-type inequalities in horizontal sums of Boolean algebras

We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a Bell-type inequality to hold in a horizontal sum of finitely many finite Boolean algebras.     

Relative entropy maximization and directed diffusion equations

Motivated by the concept of maximum entropy methods in signal and image processing, we introduce and discuss a class of ‘directed diffusion equations’ with suitable boundary conditions. The paradigmatic ‘directed diffusion equation’ is The relative entropy $ Sb[f](t): = - \int_\Omega {f(t,x)} \;\ln \;(f(t,x)/b(x))dx $ is rapidly increasing along solution trajectories of (i). This suggests that solving (i) will yield efficient procedures for entropy maximization. We also discuss the asymptotic behavior of solutions of (i)—this is readily done because (i) has a large family of Ljapunov functionals.     

Chromatographie von Carbamat- und Phenylharnstoff-Pesticiden auf Dünnschichten von basischem Zinkcarbonat

Thin layers of basic zinc carbonate can be used with good results for separation and multiple identification of carbamate and phenylurea pesticides. Five important substances could be separated by one-dimension TLC. The best results were obtained by the following developing solvents: a) benzene, b) a mixture of benzene/petroleum ether/chloroform (6∶1∶1). The substances are either recognisable in short-wave UV-light, when a fluorescence indicator (F 254 nm) is added, or in day-light, after spraying a solution of 0.1 N AgNO₃ in 3 N HNO₃, followed by an UV-exposure for about 4 min.     

Ein neues photometrisches Auswertungsverfahren bei komplexometrischen Titrationen kleiner Metallmengen

Zusammenfassung Zur photometrischen Auswertung komplexometrischer Titrationen von Metallspuren in sehr verdünnten Lösungen mit Hilfe von Metallindicatoren wird aus mathematischen Überlegungen ein Verfahren abgeleitet, das auf der Messung von Extinktionsänderungen während der Titration beruht. Im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen photometrischen Methoden wird die Empfindlichkeit etwa um den Faktor 30 verbessert.Auszug aus der von der Fakultät für Allgemeine Wissenschaften der Technischen Hochschule München genehmigten Dissertation.Herrn Prof. Dr. F. Hegemann möchte der Verfasser für die Anregung und Förderung der vorliegenden Arbeit sehr danken. Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bad. Godesberg, und der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V., München, sei für die gewährte Unterstützung auch an dieser Stelle verbindlichst gedankt.     

Furancarbonsäuren aus Rinderharn

Furancarboxylic Acids in Cattle Urine The urine of cattle contains large amounts of furancarboxylic acids. The same acids were isolated from rats after feeding with methyl esters of the so-called F-acids. Since the F-acids were not detected in cattle-food, they must be produced somewhere in the body of cattle.