全文获取类型
收费全文 | 737篇 |
免费 | 40篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 470篇 |
晶体学 | 3篇 |
力学 | 86篇 |
数学 | 73篇 |
物理学 | 152篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 32篇 |
2021年 | 34篇 |
2020年 | 47篇 |
2019年 | 37篇 |
2018年 | 46篇 |
2017年 | 31篇 |
2016年 | 51篇 |
2015年 | 34篇 |
2014年 | 51篇 |
2013年 | 91篇 |
2012年 | 60篇 |
2011年 | 69篇 |
2010年 | 33篇 |
2009年 | 27篇 |
2008年 | 17篇 |
2007年 | 17篇 |
2006年 | 10篇 |
2005年 | 3篇 |
2004年 | 3篇 |
2003年 | 7篇 |
2002年 | 6篇 |
2001年 | 4篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1953年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有784条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
This study analyzes the economics of transshipping biomass from truck to train in a North American setting. Transshipment
will only be economic when the cost per unit distance of a second transportation mode is less than the original mode. There
is an optimum number of transshipment terminals which is related to biomass yield. Transshipment incurs incremental fixed
costs, and hence there is a minimum shipping distance for rail transport above which lower costs/km offset the incremental
fixed costs. For transport by dedicated unit train with an optimum number of terminals, the minimum economic rail shipping
distance for straw is 170 km, and for boreal forest harvest residue wood chips is 145 km. The minimum economic shipping distance
for straw exceeds the biomass draw distance for economically sized centrally located power plants, and hence the prospects
for rail transport are limited to cases in which traffic congestion from truck transport would otherwise preclude project
development. Ideally, wood chip transport costs would be lowered by rail transshipment for an economically sized centrally
located power plant, but in a specific case in Alberta, Canada, the layout of existing rail lines precludes a centrally located
plant supplied by rail, whereas a more versatile road system enables it by truck. Hence for wood chips as well as straw the
economic incentive for rail transport to centrally located processing plants is limited. Rail transshipment may still be preferred
in cases in which road congestion precludes truck delivery, for example as result of community objections. 相似文献
2.
Jiyun Hu Hamed Mehrabi Yin-Shan Meng Maddison Taylor Jin-Hui Zhan Qigeng Yan Mourad Benamara Robert H. Coridan Hudson Beyzavi 《Chemical science》2021,12(22):7930
Metalation of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is a critical strategy to functionalize COFs for advanced applications yet largely relies on the pre-installed specific metal docking sites in the network, such as porphyrin, salen, 2,2′-bipyridine, etc. We show in this study that the imine linkage of simple imine-based COFs, one of the most popular COFs, readily chelate transition metal (Ir in this work) via cyclometalation, which has not been explored before. The iridacycle decorated COF exhibited more than 10-fold efficiency enhancement in (photo)catalytic hydrogen evolution from aqueous formate solution than its molecular counterpart under mild conditions. This work will inspire more functional cyclometallated COFs to be explored beyond catalysis considering the large imine COF library and the rich metallacycle chemistry.This study describes cyclometallation as a new metal binding mode for imine-based COFs. The iridacycle decorated COF could be used for catalytic hydrogen evolution from aqueous formate solution with high stability and high efficacy. 相似文献
3.
R. Abu-Eittah Maher M. Hamed A. A. Mohamed 《International journal of quantum chemistry》1991,39(2):211-226
The electronic absorption spectra of 2-, 3-, and 4-vinylpyridines and 1,2-(2,3-dipyridyl), 1,2-(2,4-dipyridyl), 1,2-(3,4-dipyridyl), and 1,2-(4,4-dipyridyl) ethylenes have been investigated in polar and nonpolar solvents. A correlation has been made between the geometry of the molecule and the observed spectrum. Molecular orbital calculations have been carried out using the INDO/S? CI procedure and a limited geometry optimization. The solvent effect at the MO level has been calculated. MO calculations predicted the existence of nπ* transitions that were not observed experimentally. The wave functions of the different CI states were calculated. The experimental transition energy as well as oscillator strength corresponded satisfactorily with the calculated ones. The observed transitions were assigned according to the results of MO calculations. 相似文献
4.
Hamed M. Abu El-Nader 《Transition Metal Chemistry》1995,20(3):316-319
Summary The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of thetris-oxalactocobaltate(III) complex has been investigated in the presence of EtOH and (CH2OH)2 spectrophotometrically in the 50–70 ± 0.1 ° C range. The rate of the reaction decreases upon the addition of either of the alcohols to the reaction medium, whereas the activation energy increases. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated and are discussed in terms of the solvation effects. The influence of the dielectric constants of the solvent mixtures on the rate has been studied. A free radical mechanism is proposed and discussed. 相似文献
5.
M. Shekarchi F. Ellahiyan T. Akbarzadeh A. Shafiee 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》2003,40(3):427-433
Dehydrogenation of ethyl 3‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzofuran‐2‐carboxylate 1 with 2,2′‐azobi‐sisobutyronitrile and N‐bromosuccinimide gave ethyl 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbenzofuran‐2‐carboxylate 3 . Reaction of compounds 3–4 with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding hydrazides 5a‐b . The reaction of 5a‐b with aldehydes yielded substituted hydrazones 6a‐l . Compounds 7a‐d were prepared from compounds 6a‐d and bromine in acetic acid. Lead tetraacetate oxidation of compounds 6e‐l afforded substituted oxadiazoles 8e‐l . Selenium dioxide oxidation of 4‐oxo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzofuran semicarbazones 9, 14a and 4‐oxo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzothiophene 14b gave the tricyclic 1,2,3‐selenadiazoles 10, 15a and 15b respectively. Reaction of semicarbazones 9, 14a and 14b with thionyl chloride afforded the corresponding 1,2,3‐thiadiazoles 12, 16a and 16b respectively. 相似文献
6.
N. Daryabari T. Akbarzadeh M. Amini R. Miri H. Mirkhani A. Shafiee 《Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society》2007,4(1):30-36
The new analogues of nifedipine, in which 2-nitrophenyl group at position 4 is replaced by phenylisoxazolyl substituent, were synthesized. The symmetrical dialkyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(5-phenylisoxazol-3-yl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates were prepared by classical Hantzsch condensation, and the asymmetrical analogues were synthesized using a procedure reported by Dagnino that involved the condensation of alkyl acetoacetate with alkyl 3-aminocrotonate and 5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxaldehyde. The structure of all compounds was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectra. In vitro calcium channel antagonist activities were evaluated as calcium channel antagonists using the high K+ concentration of guinea-pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle (GPILSM) assay. These compounds exhibited moderate calcium antagonist activity (IC50 = 10?7 to 10? 5 M range) relative to the reference drug nifedipine (IC50 = 1.10 ± 0.40 × 10?8 M). 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
Ramin Ghahremanzadeh Ghaffar Hosseini Roya Akbarzadeh Ayoob Bazgir 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》2013,50(2):272-280
A novel reaction of isatins, 2‐cyanoacetamide, and cyclic 1,3‐diketones in ethanol was reported. The reaction gave the unexpected spirooxindole ethyl carboxylates in excellent yields and the spirooxindole carboxamide was not observed. 相似文献
10.