Analyse von Mononitrobenzoes?uren

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X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies and cosmological parameters

Clusters of galaxies are excellent probes of cosmic structure and evolution. X-ray studies of clusters provide some of their key parameters, viz., temperature of the hot intra-cluster gas, its metallicity, X-ray luminosity and surface brightness giving mass distribution and mass-flow rate in the case of cooling flows. X-ray measurements for a large sample of clusters have lead to estimates of the total gravitating mass in them, which can be compared to the virial masses derived from dynamical considerations and gravitational lensing in some of them. X-ray derived total masses are consistent with masses obtained from the other methods after the effects due to the presence of cooling flows are taken into account in the analyses. Estimated virial masses, lack of evolution in X-ray properties, and detection of several very hot clusters at high redshifts indicate a Universe with a low value (≤ 0.3) for the Ω parameter.     

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High performance deep red AlAs/AlGaAs top-emitting VCSELs grown by MOVPE at high growth rates

Top-emitting Alas/AlGaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers emitting at 765 nm with minimum threshold currents of 0.6 mA and threshold voltages of 1.9 V have been grown by MOVPE. In order to keep the growth time low, we investigated the possibility to grow these structures at growth rates of 5 μm/h. Special attention was paid to the homogeneity that can be achieved over a 2″ wafer under these growth conditions. Spatially resolved reflectivity measurements on GaAs/AlAs distributed Bragg reflectors showed, that the growth rate varies less than 0.3% in the center of the wafer and decreases by 1% at the wafer edge.     

Gelatin methacrylate as a promising hydrogel for 3D microscale organization and proliferation of dielectrophoretically patterned cells

Establishing the 3D microscale organization of cells has numerous practical applications, such as in determining cell fate (e.g., proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis) and in making functional tissue constructs. One approach to spatially pattern cells is by dielectrophoresis (DEP). DEP has characteristics that are important for cell manipulation, such as high accuracy, speed, scalability, and the ability to handle both adherent and non-adherent cells. However, widespread application of this method is largely restricted because there is a limited number of suitable hydrogels for cell encapsulation. To date, polyethylene glycol-diacrylate (PEG-DA) and agarose have been used extensively for dielectric patterning of cells. In this study, we propose gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) as a promising hydrogel for use in cell dielectropatterning because of its biocompatibility and low viscosity. Compared to PEG hydrogels, GelMA hydrogels showed superior performance when making cell patterns for myoblast (C2C12) and endothelial (HUVEC) cells as well as in maintaining cell viability and growth. We also developed a simple and robust protocol for co-culture of these cells. Combined application of the GelMA hydrogels and the DEP technique is suitable for creating highly complex microscale tissues with important applications in fundamental cell biology and regenerative medicine in a rapid, accurate, and scalable manner.     

Location and Vibrations of Hydrogen in La2C3H1.5

We report on the incorporation of hydrogen into La₂C₃ and on the characterisation of its position. Temperature‐dependent X‐ray investigations show that the hydrogenation process is reversible and the product La₂C₃H_1.5 is amorphous. In principle, IR and Raman spectroscopies can provide some structural information, but in the present study, they are of only limited value. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) has advantages for measuring the H‐vibrations in La₂C₃H_1.5 and these are compared with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. A structural model based on published pair‐potentials predicts that hydrogen (or deuterium) occupies the “tetrahedral” holes in the lanthanum sublattice. This model also accounts for the observed vibrational spectra.