Orthophosphate and metaphosphate ion removal from aqueous solution using alum and aluminum hydroxide

The removal of orthophosphates (10(-2) kg P m(-3)), condensed phosphates (10(-2) kg P m(-3)), and mixtures of both (5 x 10(-3) kg P m(-3) as orthophosphate and 5 x 10(-3) kg P m(-3) as metaphosphate) in aqueous solution is studied using alum and aluminum hydroxide. The effects of coagulant dose, pH, temperature, aging of aluminum hydroxide, and presence of different ions are investigated. On the basis of the experimental results, alum is much more efficient in phosphorus removal than aluminum hydroxide even if, in both cases, at the conditions studied, the active coagulant form is Al(OH)(3). The differences then could be due to the higher activity of the in situ formed hydroxide. Orthophosphates and metaphosphates seem to have similar behavior vs pH variation: maximum removal is achieved at pH values 5-6 in all cases. On the other hand, in the simultaneous presence of both P forms, orthophosphate and metaphosphate ions have different affinities for the surface sites of aluminum hydroxide, since for both alum and aluminum hydroxide, orthophosphates are preferentially removed compared to metaphosphates, due probably to orientation effects and the charge per P atom. The presence of sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate, chloride, and magnesium, at the concentrations studied and for a pH value of 6, does not influence P removal. Temperature variation, between 25 and 60 degrees C, does not affect alum efficiency but both P forms are increasingly removed with increasing temperature, probably due to polymer Al(OH)(3) breaking, producing new surfaces for adsorption. Aging decreases sorption capacity of Al(OH)(3), while crystallites of increasing size are formed. Finally adsorption of both P forms is best described by the Freundlich isotherm [[K(F)=(49.1-69.1) x 10(-3) (m(3)kg(-1))(1/N), 1/N: 0.14-0.19 for T=25-60 degrees C] and [ K(F)=(1.58-2.79) x 10(-3) (m(3)kg(-1))(1/N), 1/N: 2.17-2.47 for T=25-60 degrees C] for orthophosphate and metaphosphate, respectively.     

Electronic excitations during grazing scattering of hydrogen atoms on KI(001) and LiF(001) surfaces

The energy loss of hydrogen atoms with energies of 400 eV and 1 keV is studied in coincidence with the number of emitted electrons during grazing scattering from atomically clean and flat KI(001) and LiF(001) surfaces. The energy loss spectra for specific numbers of emitted electrons are analyzed in terms of a binary interaction model based on the formation of transient negative ions via local capture of valence band electrons from anion sites. Based on computer simulations we derive for this interaction scenario probabilities for the production of surface excitons, for electron loss to the conduction band of KI, for emission of electrons, and for formation of negative hydrogen ions. The pronounced differences of data obtained for the two surfaces are attributed to the different electronic structures of KI and LiF.     

14.5GHz紧凑型、低成本、全永磁ECR离子源

A compact 14.5GHz electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source for the production of slow, multiply charged ions has been constructed,with the plasma-confining magnetic field produced exclusively by permanent magnets.Microwave power of up to 175W in the frequency range from 12.75 to 14.SGHz is transmitted from ground potential via a PTFE window into the water-cooled plasma chamber which can be equipped with an aluminum liner.The waveguide coupling system serves also as biased electrode,and two remotely-controlled gas inlet valves connected via an insulating break permit plasma operation in the gas- mixing mode.A triode extraction system sustains ion acceleration voltages between 1kV and 10kV.The ECR ion source is fully computer-controlled and can be remotely operated from any desired location via Ethernet.     

Applicability of Simplified Models for the Estimation of Ion Exchange Diffusion Coefficients in Zeolites

The applicability of simplified models for the determination of ion exchange diffusion coefficients in zeolites is examined. The simplified models examined are Vermeulen's, Paterson's, and Nernst-Plank's approximations for isotopic and ion exchange processes, used in ion exchange systems analysis. Parameter analysis indicates the limits for fractional attainment of equilibrium U(t), the ratio of exchangeable ions in liquid to solid phase (w), and the ratio of surface diffusion coefficients of exchangeable ions (a), all clearly inter-related, within which the above-mentioned simplified models can be successfully used. Studies of the applicability of the isotopic exchange simplified models to experimental data for batch-type Na(+)-Pb(2+) exchange on clinoptilolite confirm the parameter analysis conducted. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Structure-catalytic function relationship of SiO2-immobilized mononuclear Cu complexes: an EPR study

Mononuclear CuL and Cu(2L) complexes, where L is propyl-thiazol-2-ylmethylene-amine, covalently immobilized onto SiO2, can catalyze efficiently the oxidation of 3,5-di-t-butylcatechol (DTBC) to 3,5-di-t-butylquinone (DTBQ) by utilizing ambient O2 as oxidant. By increasing the loading of L on SiO2, the DTBQ formation can be improved up to 400% vs the homogeneous catalyst. Equally important is however that grafting per se at low loading is not adequate for an improved catalytic activity. Appropriate loadings have to be achieved, which then may result in significant catalytic performance. Based on EPR spectroscopy a theoretical method is developed, eq A12, for spin-spin distance estimation in heterogeneously dispersed surface complexes. Practical rules including error estimates are provided. By applying this method to the [SiO2-CuL] catalysts it is shown that mononuclear copper complexes fixed on SiO2 with Cu...Cu distances as short as 4.9 +/- 0.3 A are responsible for the improved catalytic activity. The present results demonstrate that mononuclear Cu complexes can have considerable catecholase activity, if the proper geometrical proximity can be fixed. Grafting on SiO2 may be an efficient method for engineering catalysts with improved performance.     

Ion exchange of Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(3+), and Cr(3+) on natural clinoptilolite: selectivity determination and influence of acidity on metal uptake

In the present study ion exchange of Pb(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(3+), and Cr(3+) on natural Greek clinoptilolite was examined in terms of selectivity toward the above heavy metals in single- and multicomponent solutions in batch systems. Also examined are the influence of clinoptilolite on solution acidity and the effect of acidity on the ion exchange process. Clinoptilolite increases solution acidity due to the exchange of H(+) cations with the cations initially present in its structure. H(+) cations should be considered as competitive ones in ion exchange processes, and consequently ion exchange of metals is favored at high acidity values. Cu(2+) and Cr(3+) are the most sensitive cations with respect to acidity. Selectivity determination demonstrates that the selectivity at total concentration 0.01 N and acidity 2 in both single- and multicomponent solutions is following the order Pb(2+)>Fe(3+)>Cr(3+) > or =Cu(2+). This order is set since the first days of equilibration. However, Cu(2+) shows remarkable changes in selectivity and generally its uptake and selectivity are increasing with time. On the other hand selectivity in single metal solutions where acidity is not adjusted is following the order Pb(2+)>Cr(3+)>Fe(3+) congruent with Cu(2+).     

An Improved Method for Calculating Zeta-Potentials from Measurements of the Electrokinetic Sonic Amplitude

The surface electric properties of the commercially available silica, Monospher 1000 (Fa. Merck), have been studied by conductivity and ESA (electrokinetic sonic amplitude) experiments. It could be shown that accounting for the contribution of the stagnant layer to surface conductivity is indispensable in the interpretation of electrokinetic data at low ionic strength. A general method has been put forward which allows to take into account the total, experimentally accessible surface conductivity in the evaluation of ESA data of moderately concentrated suspensions. This includes additional conductivity measurements which serve for the independent estimation of the total relative surface conductivity. The resulting zeta-potentials are clearly higher than those obtained after neglecting the contribution of the stagnant layer to surface conductivity. In addition, the ionic mobilities of potassium and magnesium in the hydrodynamically stagnant layer have been investigated in some detail. It has been found that the ionic mobility of potassium is of the same order of magnitude as in the bulk solution while the mobility of magnesium is significantly reduced. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Ion exchange studies on natural and modified zeolites and the concept of exchange site accessibility

In the present study natural and Na-rich form of clinoptilolite are examined, in respect to ion exchange of Pb2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, and Fe3+. Equilibrium and kinetic studies performed, under the same normality (0.01 N). Equilibrium studies demonstrate that Na+ enrichment of clinoptilolite is beneficial in respect to metal uptake for all metals, except Cr3+, which is shown to have the same equilibrium behavior in both materials. Kinetic study shows that diffusion coefficients are in the range of 0.16 to 9 x 10(-9) cm2/s, and are not always improved in Na-rich form of clinoptilolite. The effect of temperature on diffusion coefficients is also examined, and Arrhenius activation energy is determined to be in the range of 3.02 to 13.9 kcal/mol, for all metals and materials, except Cu2+, which have extremely low activation energy in the natural sample, equal to 0.04 kcal/mol.