Response surface methodology toward the optimization of high-energy carotenoid extraction from Aristeus antennatus shrimp

High-energy assisted extraction techniques, like ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), are widely applied over the last years for the recovery of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, antioxidants and phenols from foods, animals and herbal natural sources. Especially for the case of xanthophylls, the main carotenoid group of crustaceans, they can be extracted in a rapid and quantitative way with the use of UAE and MAE.     

The nanogranular nature of C-S-H

Despite its ubiquitous presence as binding phase in all cementitious materials, the mechanical behavior of calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) is still an enigma that has deceived many decoding attempts from experimental and theoretical sides. In this paper, we propose and validate a new technique and experimental protocol to rationally assess the nanomechanical behavior of C-S-H based on a statistical analysis of hundreds of nanoindentation tests. By means of this grid indentation technique we identify in situ two structurally distinct but compositionally similar C-S-H phases heretofore hypothesized to exist as low density (LD) C-S-H and high density (HD) C-S-H, or outer and inner products. The main finding of this paper is that both phases exhibit a unique nanogranular behavior which is driven by particle-to-particle contact forces rather than by mineral properties. We argue that this nanomechanical blueprint of material invariant behavior of C-S-H is a consequence of the hydration reactions during which precipitating C-S-H nanoparticles percolate generating contact surfaces. As hydration proceeds, these nanoparticles pack closer to center on-average around two characteristic limit packing densities, the random packing limit (η=64%) and the ordered face-centered cubic (fcc) or hexagonal close-packed (hcp) packing limit (η=74%), forming a characteristic LD C-S-H and HD C-S-H phase.     

Flow and Sequential Injection Manifolds for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Captopril Based on its Oxidation by Fe(III)

 Two new simple and rapid methods are reported for the accurate and precise spectrophotometric determination of captopril (CPL) using flow (FI) and sequential injection (SI) analysis. The methods are based on the fast oxidation of CPL by Fe(III). The produced Fe(II) reacts with 2,2′-dipyridyl-2-pyridylhydrazone (DPPH) in acidic medium to form a colored complex which is monitored spectrophotometrically at 535 nm. Both methods allow the determination of the analyte up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ at a sampling rate of 120 and 60 injections per hour for FI and SI, respectively. The methods are very precise [s _r=0.8 and 1.2% at 500 mg L⁻¹ CPL (n=12) for FI and SI, respectively] and the 3σ detection limits (c _L=4.0 and 7.0 mg L¹, respectively) are quite satisfactory. Their application to a variety of anti-hypertensive commercial pharmaceutical formulations showed excellent results (relative errors, e _r, < ± 1.6% in all cases compared to an official HPLC method), while common pharmaceutical excipients were found not to interfere. Recovery experiments further verified the accuracy of the developed methods, as the percent recoveries were in the range of 98.1–102.5%. Author for correspondence. E-mail: themelis@chem.auth.gr Received May 9, 2002; accepted January 8, 2003 Published online May 5, 2003     

Preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer for the solid-phase extraction of scopolamine with hyoscyamine as a dummy template molecule

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) selective for scopolamine were produced using hyoscyamine (a close structural analogue) as template molecule. The produced polymers were used as media for solid-phase extraction, exhibiting selective binding properties for the analyte from biological samples. Human and calf urine and serum were processed on the MIP under various extraction protocols. The best performance was observed after loading the analyte in aqueous environment facilitating retention on the MIP by non-selective hydrophobic interactions. The MIPs were subsequently washed using an optimised solvent system to enable selective desorption of the analyte. Other related and non-related compounds were accessed to evaluate molecular recognition properties. Recoveries of up to 79% were achieved for the analyte of interest from biological samples.     

An iminophosphine dendrimeric ligand and its evaluation in the Heck reaction

DAB-dendr-(NH₂)₃₂ has been modified to produce two novel dendrimeric P,N-ligands, DAB-dendr-[1,2-(NCHC₆H₄PPh₂)]₃₂ and DAB-dendr-[1,2-(NHCH₂C₆H₄PPh₂)]₃₂. These were both found to activate electron rich aryl bromides in the Heck reaction. The reactions seem to proceed better in a novel solvent system consisting of an equimolar mixture of a tertiary amine with acetic acid. A marked dependence of the conversion on the [equivalents of dendrimeric ligand]/[Pd] ratio has been observed with conversion decreasing as the ratio of dendrimer equivalents to Pd increases. This phenomenon is attributed to interactions of the arms bearing the metal with neighboring ones within the dendrimer.