Recherches sur la formation et la transformation des esters LXXIII Sur la préparation d'acides ω-[aryl (ou aralcoyl ou alcoyl) carbamylamino]-alcoylphosphoriques et sur leur vitesse de scission à divers pH

N-Aryl(or aralkyl or alkyl)carbamoyl-aminoalkyl phosphoric monoesters have been prepared by the reaction of isocyanates R′-N?C?O on the corresponding amino-alkylphosphoric monoesters H₂N? R? OPO₃H₂ in the presence of 2 equivalents of NaOH. The rates of scission of the phosphoric monoester group and occasionally of the phenylcarbamoylamino group of these monoesters have been studied at 100°, in solutions 0.1M in ester and at various pH.     

Kinetics,catalysis, and mechanism of isomerization of N-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]anilines into the benzotriazol-2-yl derivatives

The ¹H NMR technique was applied for the measurement of the isomerization rates of N-ethyl-N-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]aniline ( 4 ) and 4-butyl-N-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]aniline ( 7 ) to the corresponding benzotriazol-2-yl isomers in dioxane-d₈ at 35°C. The rate constants obtained for pure dioxane-d₈ were 1.62 and 0.28 h^?1 for 4 and 7 , respectively. For both compounds, addition to acetic acid to the dioxane solutions accelerated the isomerizations whereas addition of triethylamine retarded it strongly. Addition of water slowed the isomerization of 4 but accelerated that of 7 : the different effects operating in the two cases are discussed and rationalized. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Separation and detection of peroxynitrite and its metabolites by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection

A method for the separation and direct detection of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and two of its degradation products, nitrite (NO(2)(-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)), using capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection is described. The separation parameters were optimized and included electrokinetic injection, a run buffer consisting of 25 mM K(2)HPO(4) 7.5 mM DTAB, pH 12, and a field strength of -323 V/cm. A diode array UV detector was employed in these studies as it allowed the determination of all three species simultaneously. Nitrate and nitrite provided the maximum response at 214 nm while peroxynitrite generated the best response at 302 nm. All three species could be detected at 214 nm, while simultaneous detection at 214 and 302 nm positively identified each peak.     

Die Bestimmung von Selenspuren

Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche Aufschlußmethoden werden hinsichtlich ihrer Brauchbarkeit für Selenspurenanalysen untersucht und die durch die Flüchtigkeit der Selenverbindungen bedingten Fehlerquellen beseitigt. Von den Anreicherungs- und Trennungsmethoden erwiesen sich die Destillation des Selenbromids, die Mitfällung mit elementarem Tellur und einige Verteilungsverfahren als besonders leistungsfähig. Die Bestimmung von Selenspuren bis zu Mengen von einigen Zehntel Mikrogrammen (und zum Teil noch weniger) ist mit photometrischen, fluorimetrischen und polarographischen Methoden sowie durch Aktivierungsanalyse möglich.

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Summary For the analysis of traces of selenium numerous decomposition methods are tested, and losses due to volatility of selenium compounds are eliminated. The most efficient enrichment and separation methods are distillation of selenium bromide, coprecipitation of selenium with elementary tellurium, and several liquid-liquid extraction methods. The determination of traces of selenium down to a few tenths of a microgram or even less can be effected by photometry, fluorimetry, and polarography, and furthermore by activation analysis.

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Wir danken Herrn Prof. H. Fink für die Anregung zu dieser Arbeit. Wir verdanken dem Bundesministerium für Wissenschaftliche Forschung großzügige Förderung durch Sachmittel. Wir danken Herrn Prof. F. Strassmann für Überlassung von Geräten und Präparaten zu den radiochemischen Untersuchungen; wir danken Herrn Dr. G. Schrader, Farbenfabriken Bayer AG., Wuppertal-Elberfeld, für Thiophosphorsäureester und den Farbwerken Hoechst AG., Frankfurt a. M.-Höchst, sowie dem Jenaer Glaswerk Schott u. Gen., Mainz, für Analysenproben.

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Dissertation Mainz 1963.     

Recherches sur la formation et la transformation des esters LXXI Sur la préparation des acides ω-(phénylthiocarbamylamino)-alcoylphosphoriques et sur leur scission à divers pH

Sodium ω-phenylthiocarbamylaminoalkyl phosphates C₆H₅NHCSNH–(CH₂)_n–OPO₃Na₂ have been obtained by reacting phenylisothiocyanate with the corresponding aminoalkyl phosphoric monoester in the presence of 2 eq. of NaOH.     

Recent developments in electrochemical detection for microchip capillary electrophoresis

Significant progress in the development of miniaturized microfluidic systems has occurred since their inception over a decade ago. This is primarily due to the numerous advantages of microchip analysis, including the ability to analyze minute samples, speed of analysis, reduced cost and waste, and portability. This review focuses on recent developments in integrating electrochemical (EC) detection with microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE). These detection modes include amperometry, conductimetry, and potentiometry. EC detection is ideal for use with microchip CE systems because it can be easily miniaturized with no diminution in analytical performance. Advances in microchip format, electrode material and design, decoupling of the detector from the separation field, and integration of sample preparation, separation, and detection on-chip are discussed. Microchip CEEC applications for enzyme/immunoassays, clinical and environmental assays, as well as the detection of neurotransmitters are also described.     

Detecting functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in white matter: Interhemispheric transfer across the corpus callosum

Background  

It is generally believed that activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is restricted to gray matter. Despite this, a number of studies have reported white matter activation, particularly when the corpus callosum is targeted using interhemispheric transfer tasks. These findings suggest that fMRI signals may not be neatly confined to gray matter tissue. In the current experiment, 4 T fMRI was employed to evaluate whether it is possible to detect white matter activation. We used an interhemispheric transfer task modelled after neurological studies of callosal disconnection. It was hypothesized that white matter activation could be detected using fMRI.     

Loading of Bacterial Cellulose Aerogels with Bioactive Compounds by Antisolvent Precipitation with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Bacterial cellulose aerogels overcome the drawback of shrinking during preparation by drying with supercritical CO₂. Thus, the pore network of these gels is fully accessible. These materials can be fully rewetted to 100% of its initial water content, without collapsing of the structure due to surface tension of the rewetting solvent. This rehydration property and the high pore volume of these material rendered bacterial cellulose aerogels very interesting as controlled release matrices. Supercritical CO₂ drying, the method of choice for aerogel preparation, can simultaneously be used to precipitate solutes within the cellulose matrix and thus to load bacterial cellulose aerogels with active substances. This process, frequently termed supercritical antisolvent precipitation, is able to perform production of the actual aerogel and its loading in one single preparation step. In this work, the loading of a bacterial cellulose aerogel matrix with two model substances, namely dexpanthenol and L-ascorbic acid, and the release behavior from the matrix were studied. A mathematical release model was applied to model the interactions between the solutes and the cellulose matrix. The bacterial cellulose aerogels were easily equipped with the reagents by supercritical antisolvent precipitation. Loading isotherms as well as release kinetics indicated no specific interaction between matrix and loaded substances. Hence, loading and release can be controlled and predicted just by varying the thickness of the gel and the solute concentration in the loading bath.