Studies with inorganic precipitate membranes. III. Consideration of energetics of electrolyte permeation through membranes

The permeability of various electrolytes through parchment-supported ferrocyanide membranes of manganese, cobalt, silver, and cadmium has been measured at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C. The order of permeability at a given temperature was Cl^- > NO₃^- > CNS^- > CH₃COO^- > SO₄^2- for both monovalent and divalent cations. For any given anion, the cations followed the sequence NH₄⁺ > Li⁺ > Ba²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Al³⁺. This sequence has been correlated with the size of the hydrated ion. Further, the data have been considered from the standpoint of the theory of rate processes and the values for the entropy of activation (ΔS′) have been derived assuming an equilibrium distance of 3 Å in the membrane. The values of ΔS′ were all negative and decreased with increasing valence of the ions. This was interpreted to mean electrolyte permeation with partial immobilization in the membrane.     

Millimeter-wave enabled PAM-4 data transmission over hybrid FSO-MMPOF link for access networks

Optical Review - In this paper, we propose a full duplex architecture based on a hybrid link composed of free space optics (FSO) and multimode plastic optical fiber (MMPOF) for short-range wireless...     

Dispersive solid phase extraction of lead(II) using a silica nanoparticle-based ionic liquid ferrofluid

We demonstrate the application of an ionic liquid-based ferrofluid to the dispersive solid phase extraction of lead(II) using PAN as the chelator. The ionic liquid contains silica nanoparticles with a magnetic core as the dispersion medium, and its use results in improved stability of the colloidal dispersion and a complete extraction of lead(II) within a few seconds. In addition, there is no need for centrifugation. Specifically, the effect of different variables on the extraction of lead(II) was studied using an experimental design. Lead(II) was quantified by AAS. Under optimized conditions, the calibration graph for lead(II) is linear in the range from 5 to 372 μg L⁻¹, the relative standard deviation is 1.34 % (for n = 7), the limit of detection is 1.66 μg L⁻¹, and the enrichment factor is 200. The maximum adsorption capacity of sorbent was calculated to be 10.7 mg g⁻¹, and adsorption follows a Langmuir isotherm.

A schematic view of D-SPE experimental set up. We demonstrate the application of an ionic liquid-based ferrofluid to the dispersive solid phase extraction of lead(II) using PAN as the chelator. The ionic liquid contains silica nanoparticles with a magnetic core as the dispersion medium

     

Studies with model membranes. IX. Evaluation of thermodynamic parameters from the transition state theory of rate processes for electrolyte diffusion through silver chloride parchment-supported membranes

Diffusion rate of biologically important electrolytes through parchment-supported silver chloride membrane have been determined by the use of Nernst-Planck equation at various temperatures taking into account membrane resistance R_m, membrane potential E_m, etc. The diffusion rates were found to be primarily dependent upon the difference in the hydration energies of the counterion in the external solution. On the basis of Eisenman-Sherry theory the diffusion rate sequence of alkali metal cations point towards the weak field strengths of the fixed charge groups. The various thermodynamic parameters, namely, ΔH^?, ΔF^?, and ΔS^? were evaluated. The values of ΔS^? found to be negative, indicating that the diffusion is taking place with partial immobilization in the membrane phase. A formal relation between ΔH_hydration, ΔF_hydration, and ΔS_hydration of cations with the corresponding values of ΔH^?, ΔF^?, and ΔS^? for diffusion was also found to exist for the investigated system.     

Heat transfer and thermal management of electric vehicle batteries with phase change materials

This paper examines a passive thermal management system for electric vehicle batteries, consisting of encapsulated phase change material (PCM) which melts during a process to absorb the heat generated by a battery. A new configuration for the thermal management system, using double series PCM shells, is analyzed with finite volume simulations. A combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and second law analysis is used to evaluate and compare the new system against the single PCM shells. Using a finite volume method, heat transfer in the battery pack is examined and the results are used to analyse the exergy losses. The simulations provide design guidelines for the thermal management system to minimize the size and cost of the system. The thermal conductivity and melting temperature are studied as two important parameters in the configuration of the shells. Heat transfer from the surroundings to the PCM shell in a non-insulated case is found to be infeasible. For a single PCM system, the exergy efficiency is below 50%. For the second case for other combinations, the exergy efficiencies ranged from 30–40%. The second shell content did not have significant influence on the exergy efficiencies. The double PCM shell system showed higher exergy efficiencies than the single PCM shell system (except a case for type PCM-1). With respect to the reference environment, it is found that in all cases the exergy efficiencies decreased, when the dead-state temperatures rises, and the destroyed exergy content increases gradually. For the double shell systems for all dead-state temperatures, the efficiencies were very similar. Except for a dead-state temperature of 302 K, with the other temperatures, the exergy efficiencies for different combinations are well over 50%. The range of exergy efficiencies vary widely between 15 and 85% for a single shell system, and between 30–80% for double shell systems.     

Molecular docking,linear and nonlinear QSAR studies on factor Xa inhibitors

Structural Chemistry - Factor Xa (FXa) enzyme has an important role in the blood coagulation system. Disruption in the enzyme function results in the production of blood clots. Therefore,...     

One-pot synthesis of diphenyl pyrazolylmethylanilines via reductive amination using NaBH<Subscript>4</Subscript>/I<Subscript>2</Subscript> and their antimicrobial screening

Abstract  

Direct reductive amination of 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde and 3-(4-methylphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde with various substituted aromatic amines using NaBH₄ in the presence of I₂ as reducing agent is described. The reaction has been carried out in anhydrous methanol under neutral conditions at room temperature. The structure of newly synthesized diphenyl pyrazolylmethylanilines was established on the basis of IR, ¹H, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectral data. All diphenyl pyrazolylmethylaniline derivatives were tested in vitro for their antifungal and antibacterial activity against different strains of fungi and bacteria. Most of the compound exhibited considerable antifungal activity but poor antibacterial activity against the test strains.