三苄基氯化锡及其衍生物的合成

三苄基氯化锡最初用格氏法制得。Keiti等曾报道由锡和苄基氯直接制备,这时溶剂对反应的影响很大:用水作溶剂时得到三苄基锡;用甲苯作溶剂时得到二苄基二氯化锡;用正丁醇作溶剂时三苄基氯化锡的产率只有61％。在反应体系中加入KI、KBr或H_3PO_4等催化剂,三苄基氯化锡的产率也只有60％。本文用DMF作溶剂,AlCl_3-I_2作催化剂,并首次在反应体系中加入镁、锌、铝和钠等使副产物氯化亚锡还原成活性很高的金属锡,后者再与等基氯反应,可使三苄基氯化锡的产率提高到91.3％。文中还报导三种尚     

Non‐intrusive reduced‐order modeling for multiphase porous media flows using Smolyak sparse grids

In this article, we describe a non‐intrusive reduction method for porous media multiphase flows using Smolyak sparse grids. This is the first attempt at applying such an non‐intrusive reduced‐order modelling (NIROM) based on Smolyak sparse grids to porous media multiphase flows. The advantage of this NIROM for porous media multiphase flows resides in that its non‐intrusiveness, which means it does not require modifications to the source code of full model. Another novelty is that it uses Smolyak sparse grids to construct a set of hypersurfaces representing the reduced‐porous media multiphase problem. This NIROM is implemented under the framework of an unstructured mesh control volume finite element multiphase model. Numerical examples show that the NIROM accuracy relative to the high‐fidelity model is maintained, whilst the computational cost is reduced by several orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide using metal nanoparticles: a review

We are reviewing the state of electrochemical sensing of H₂O₂ based on the use of metal nanoparticles. The article is divided into subsections on sensors based on nanoparticles made from Ag, Pt, Pd, Cu, bimetallic nanoparticles and other metals. Some sensors display high sensitivity, fast response, and good stability. The review is subdivided into sections on sensors based on heme proteins and on nonenzymatic sensors. We also discussed the challenges of nanoscaled sensors and their future aspects.

Simplified system configuration for real-time Fourier transformation of optical pulses in amplitude and phase

Real-time Fourier transformation (RTFT) of optical waveforms in amplitude and phase (i.e. transform-limited RTFT) is a fundamental operation that enables the realization of many interesting ultrafast signal processing applications, including wavelength-tunable optical pulse filtering, all-optical temporal correlations and convolutions and temporal imaging, among others. In this paper, we demonstrate that under certain conditions, a single time lens (quadratic-phase temporal modulator) followed by a suitable dispersive delay line can be used to implement transform-limited RTFT of optical pulses. The design specifications and constraints of the proposed transform-limited RTFT systems are derived and discussed. As compared with the conventional methods, the proposed design does not require the use of an input dispersive device preceding the time lens or a second time lens after dispersion, thus resulting in a simpler and more practical alternative for implementing TL-RTFT of optical signals. The feasibility of our proposal to operate on picosecond optical waveforms using electro-optic time lenses has been confirmed by numerical simulations.     

Boosting the Proton-coupled Electron Transfer via Fe−P Atomic Pair for Enhanced Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Single-atom catalysts exhibit superior CO₂-to-CO catalytic activity, but poor kinetics of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) steps still limit the overall performance toward the industrial scale. Here, we constructed a Fe−P atom paired catalyst onto nitrogen doped graphitic layer (Fe₁/PNG) to accelerate PCET step. Fe₁/PNG delivers an industrial CO current of 1 A with FE_CO over 90 % at 2.5 V in a membrane-electrode assembly, overperforming the CO current of Fe₁/NG by more than 300 %. We also decrypted the synergistic effects of the P atom in the Fe−P atom pair using operando techniques and density functional theory, revealing that the P atom provides additional adsorption sites for accelerating water dissociation, boosting the hydrogenation of CO₂, and enhancing the activity of CO₂ reduction. This atom-pair catalytic strategy can modulate multiple reactants and intermediates to break through the inherent limitations of single-atom catalysts.     

Bending of uniformly loaded rectangular plates with two adjacent edges clamped, one edge simply supported and the other edge free

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｌａｔｅｓｅｖｅｎｔｉｅｓ,ＺｈａｎｇＦｕｆａｎｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄｔｈｅｅｘａｃｔｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓｔｏｔｈｅｂｅｎｄｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｒｅｃｔａｎｇｕｌａｒｃａｎｔｉｌｅｖｅｒｐｌａｔｅｓａｎｄｒｅｃｔ...     

有机锡催化酯交换反应合成羧酸酯的研究

有机锡催化酯交换反应合成羧酸酯的研究田来进，傅芳信，田君濂，刘树祥（曲阜师范大学化学系曲阜２７３１６５，东北师范大学化学系长春）关键词有机锡，催化，酯交换反应，羧酸酯有机锡化合物是一种近乎中性的均相催化剂，不仅不腐蚀金属设备，而且反应物分子中的其他功...     

尼龙1010－聚四氢呋喃多嵌段共聚物的ESCA研究

尼龙１０１０－聚四氢呋哺多嵌段共聚物（ＰＡ－ＰＴＭＧ）是一种性能良好的聚合物。本文用Ｘ射线光电子能谱（ＥＳＣＡ）和计算机分峰技术研究了不同软硬段分子量的ＰＡ－ＰＴＭＧ的表面化学组成，进行了试样ＥＳＣＡ谱峰归属的确定。结果表明，本体嵌段效果较好，但在样品表面上Ｏ／Ｎ原子比大于体相Ｏ／Ｎ原子比，即软段富集于表面，并且分相程度高的试样较分相程度低的试样其软段在表面富集得更多。     

Toward Complete Transformation of Sodium Polysulfides by Regulating the Second-Shell Coordinating Environment of Atomically Dispersed Fe

Room temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries are highly competitive as potential energy storage devices. Nevertheless, their actually achieved reversible capacities are far below the theoretical value due to incomplete transformation of polysulfides. Herein, atomically dispersed Fe-N/S active center by regulating the second-shell coordinating environment of Fe single atom is proposed. The Fe−N₄S₂ coordination structure with enhanced local electronic concentration around the Fermi level is revealed via synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and theoretical calculations, which can not only significantly promote the transformation kinetics of polysulfides, but induce uniform Na deposition for dendrite-free Na anode. As a result, the obtained S cathode delivers a high initial reversible capacity of 1590 mAh g⁻¹, nearly the theoretical value. This work opens up a new avenue to facilitate the complete transformation of polysulfides for RT Na-S batteries.     

Copper Nanoflowers on Carbon Cloth as a Flexible Electrode Toward Both Enzymeless Electrocatalytic Glucose and H2O2

Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor for glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) detection was successfully developed through the use of Cu nanoflowers (CuNFs) combined with flexible carbon cloth (CC) substrate. The 3D flower-like CuNFs in size uniformly and firmly grow on CC substrate by a facile, scalable, one-step hydrothermal strategy. Morphology, size and surface property of the prepared CuNFs/CC were examined by SEM, EDS and TEM, respectively. The electrochemical mechanism of CuNFs/CC for glucose and H₂O₂ detection was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. High electrochemical performances were displayed with amperometric i-t curves including a wide linear range from 1.0 nM to 6.0 mM for glucose and from 1.0 μM to 36.66 mM for H₂O₂, respectively. Good sensitivity, repeatability, and stability, as well as anti-interference ability, the carbon cloth-supported CuNFs will be the promising materials for fabricating practical non-enzymatic glucose and H₂O₂ sensors.