A fundamental relationship between force waveform and the sound radiated from a power press during blanking or piercing

A relationship between the equivalent continuous noise level L_eq received near a machine structure and the derivatives of its transient excitation history has been derived from fundamental principles. Data from a multi-parameter study of power press tooling has been used to test this relationship, which is shown to be in essential agreement (95% confidence interval) with the regression line prepared from the data. The results indicate that the effects of tooling changes on L_eq can be evaluated separately from the effects of structural changes, and that changes in L_eq brought about by tooling changes can be estimated without knowledge of the vibration and acoustic properties of the structure and enclosure.     

A TEST OF DIFFERENT PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC TREATMENT OF CANCER IN A MURINE TUMOR MODEL

Abstract The efficiency of different sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) was tested using a model system with a C3H mammary carcinoma growing subcutaneously on the dorsal side of mouse feet. Growth curves were constructed from which growth delay and doubling time in the regrowth phase were calculated. As PDT induced oedema in the mouse foot, this model system also allowed assessment of normal tissue response.
The following sensitizers were tested: hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), Photofrin II (PII), tetraphenylporphinetetrasulfonate (TPPS₄), acridine orange (AO), phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (PCTS), Al- and Zn-phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (A1PCTS and ZnPCTS). For tumor control, the following sensitizer efficiencies were found: PII > HpD > AIPCTS > TPPS₄ >>> ZnPCTS, PCTS, AO. With regard to sensitizing normal-tissue damage: PII > AIPCTS, TPPS₄ > HpD, ZnPCTS, PCTS. The results suggest that AIPCTS should be further evaluated for use in PDT.     

有机硅活性中间体的研究 II. 一些含环丙基的有机硅化合物的合成及其结构

用锂有机物的方法合成了四种含有环丙基有机硅化合物,对上述每种化合物中可能存在着的立体异构进行了分离和和构型测定。     

Isomeric and ground-state decay of 215 Bi

A new high-spin isomer in ²¹⁵Bi, with a half-life of 36.9(6) s, has been identified at the PSB-ISOLDE on-line mass separator using the pulsed-release technique combined with the element selective RILIS source. A decay scheme of Bi was constructed and complemented with the low-spinstructure observed in Bi decay. The population of a cascade on top of the level in ²¹⁵Poprovides evidence for Gamow-Teller -decay of the high-spin ²¹⁵Bi isomer.Received: 3 March 2003, Revised: 10 June 2003, Published online: 9 October 2003PACS: 23.20.Lv transitions and level energies - 27.80.+w - 29.30.Kv X- and -ray spectroscopyV. Fedoseyev: Present address: ISOLDE, CERN-PPE, CH-1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland.M. Górska: Present address: GSI, Darmstadt, D-64220, Germany.M. Huhta: Present address: Nokia, Tampere, Finland.     

The effect of material properties on the radiation of impact sound from cylinders

A number of studies have investigated engineering methods of reducing forge-hammer noise by means of enclosure, blow reduction and external application of damping materials. Another alternative, in which parts and units are manufactured from metals with high internal damping, has yet to be fully investigated. In a theoretical and experimental study of sound radiation from cylindrical samples, candidate hammer materials are evaluated for potential reduction of radiated energy and energy spectrum. It is shown that the quantity of radiated sound is strongly dependent on the stiffness and damping properties of the candidate tool-steel, forged-iron and cast-iron samples. The rate of attenuation of sound radiation is also shown to be affected in a predictable manner from the (tabulated) properties of the metals.     

A selective two microphone acoustic intensity method

A multiple input, two output model is proposed which enables the two microphone acoustic intensity method to decompose the intensity vector into contributions from individual sources, even when they are coupled and in close proximity within the measurement surface. By treating characteristic signals from each source as the inputs, and the sound pressure signals from the two closely spaced microphones as the outputs, the model's frequency response functions are developed from a least squares approximation. The cross spectrum between the two microphones can then be expressed as a function of the input signal spectra and the model's frequency response functions. By manipulating the model terms the selective cross spectrum associated with the radiation from each individual source can then be estimated. The selective cross spectrum is then processed via standard methods to obtain the acoustic intensity vector from each source. A series of laboratory experiments is summarized which demonstrates that the technique can accurately decompose the acoustic intensity vector from highly coherent sources (γ₁₂² > 0·9) buried in background noise in a semireverberant environment, to within 1 dB of the directly measured intensities.     

Transient molecular electro-optics Cartesian rotation vector versus Eulerian angles

Comparing the Euler angles, the classical choice of generalized coordinates describing the three rotational degrees of freedom of a rigid body, and the Cartesian rotation vector, we show that they both have their advantages and disadvantages in kinetic theory and Brownian dynamics analysis of molecular electro-optics. The Eulerian angles often yield relatively simple, yet singular, equations of motion, while their counterparts expressed in terms of Cartesian rotation vector are non-singular but more complex. In a special case, we show that the generalized force associated with the Cartesian rotation vector equals the torque. In addition, we introduce a new graphical approach to qualitatively track how changes in the Eulerian angles affect the Cartesian rotation vector.     

Application of pulsed holographic interferometry to the measurement of propagating transverse waves in beams

The technique of double-exposure holographic interferometry was used to record transverse waves propagating in a long beam. The wave was initiated by striking the beam in the center with a ballistic pendulum. Pulsedlaser interferograms were obtained which showed the bending waves at three different times after the initiation of impact for three different experiments. From the interferograms, plots of the transverse displacement vs. distance along the beam were obtained. The experimental data compared favorably with analytical results for the problems. The experimental technique, differential interferometry, was also introduced to facilitate measurement of largeamplitude motions using holography.     

The microwave heating of two-dimensional slabs with small Arrhenius absorptivity

The microwave heating of two-dimensional slabs in a long rectangularwaveguide propagating the TE₁₀ mode is examined. The temperaturedependency of the electrical conductivity and the thermal absorptivityis assumed to be governed by the Arrhenius law, while both theelectrical permittivity and the magnetic permeability are assumedconstant. The governing equations are the forced heat equationand the steady-state version of Maxwell's equation while theboundary conditions take into account both convective and radiativeheat loss. Approximate analytical solutions, valid for smallthermal absorptivity, are found for the temperature and theelectric-field amplitude using the Galerkin method. As the Arrheniuslaw is not amenable analytically, it is approximated by a rational-cubicfunction. At the steady state the temperature versus power relationshipis found to be multivalued; at the critical power level thermalrunaway occurs when the temperature jumps from the lower (cool)temperature branch to the upper (hot) temperature branch ofthe solution. In the steady-state limit the approximate analyticalsolutions are compared with the numerical solutions of the governingequations for various special cases. These are the limits ofsmall and large heat loss and an intermediate case involvingradiative heat loss. Results are also presented for a case wheredifferential cooling occurs on the different sides on the slab.An alternative heating scenario, where one end of the waveguideis blocked by a short, is also considered. The approximate solutionsare found for this geometry and compared in the small Biot-numberlimit to Kriegsmann (1997). Also, a control process is presented,which allows thermal runaway to be avoided and the desired finalsteady state to be reached. Various special cases of the feedbackparameters associated with the control process are examined.