Linearized spin-up in vortex flows

Summary Transient motions of contained laminar vortex flows are investigated by solving a linearized (low Rossby number) spin-up problem for arbitrary primary flow circulation distribution. If the local Ekman number is of the order of one or larger, spin-up occurs solely by viscous diffusion (Rayleigh layers), but if the local Ekman number is small compared with one, spin-up occurs by the action of an Ekman layer induced secondary flow in a time much less than the viscous diffusion time. The unsteady motion is superimposed on a steady state secondary flow which compensates for diffusion of primary flow vorticity.

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Zusammenfassung Zeitabhängige Bewegungen einer laminaren Wirbelströmung in einem Behälter werden untersucht, indem ein (für kleine Rossby-Zahlen) linearisiertes Spin-up-Problem für willkürliche Zirkulationsverteilung der primären Strömung gelöst wird. Wenn die lokale Ekman-Zahl von der Grössenordnung Eins oder grösser wird, so erfolgt der Spin-up ausschliesslich durch viskose Diffusion (Rayleighsche Schichten), doch wenn die lokale Ekman-Zahl verglichen mit Eins klein ist, so erfolgt der Spin-up durch die Wirkung einer durch eine Ekman-Schicht induzierten sekundären Strömung in einer Zeit, die viel kürzer ist als die viskose Diffusionszeit. Die nichtstationäre Bewegung ist einer permanenten Sekundär-Strömung überlagert, welche die Diffusion der primären Strömungsrotation kompensiert.

     

Modeling liquid crystal bilayer structures with minimal surfaces

This paper describes a new convenient and accurate method of calculating x-ray diffraction integrated intensities from detailed cubic bilayer structures. The method is employed to investigate the structure of a particular surfactant system (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide in a solution of oil and heavy water), for which single-crystal experimental data have recently been collected. The diffracted peak intensities correlate well with theoretical structures based on mathematical minimal surfaces. Optimized electron density profiles of the bilayer are presented, providing new insight into key features of the bilayer structure.     

Operator algebras and a theorem of Dieudonne

LetA be aC*-algebra with second dualA″. Let (φ _n)(n=1,...) be a sequence in the dual ofA such that limφ _n(a) exists for eacha εA. In general, this does not imply that limφ _n(x) exists for eachx εA″. But if limφ _n(p) exists whenever p is the range projection of a positive self-adjoint element of the unit ball ofA, then it is shown that limφ _n(x) does exist for eachx inA″. This is a non-commutative generalisation of a celebrated theorem of Dieudonné. A new proof of Dieudonné’s theorem, for positive measures, is given here. The proof of the main result makes use of Dieudonné’s original theorem.     

Calculation of electron affinities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and solvation energies of their radical anion

Electron affinities (EAs) and free energies for electron attachment (DeltaGo(a,298K)) have been directly calculated for 45 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related molecules by a variety of theoretical methods, with standard regression errors of about 0.07 eV (mean unsigned error = 0.05 eV) at the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) level and larger errors with HF or MP2 methods or using Koopmans' Theorem. Comparison of gas-phase free energies with solution-phase reduction potentials provides a measure of solvation energy differences between the radical anion and neutral PAH. A simple Born-charging model approximates the solvation effects on the radical anions, leading to a good correlation with experimental solvation energy differences. This is used to estimate unknown or questionable EAs from reduction potentials. Two independent methods are used to predict DeltaGo(a,298K) values: (1) based upon DFT methods, or (2) based upon reduction potentials and the Born model. They suggest reassignments or a resolution of conflicting experimental EAs for nearly one-half (17 of 38) of the PAH molecules for which experimental EAs have been reported. For the antiaromatic molecules, 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylpentalene and the dithia-substituted cyclobutadiene 1, the reduction potentials lead to estimated EAs close to those expected from DFT calculations and provide a basis for the prediction of the EAs and reduction potentials of pentalene and cyclobutadiene. The Born model has been used to relate the electrostatic solvation energies of PAH and hydrocarbon radical anions, and spherical halide anions, alkali metal cations, and ammonium ions to effective ionic radii from DFT electron-density envelopes. The Born model used for PAHs has been successfully extended here to quantitatively explain the solvation energy of the C60 radical anion.     

Radial oscillations of neutron stars in strong magnetic fields

The eigen frequencies of radial pulsations of neutron stars are calculated in a strong magnetic field. At low densities we use the magnetic BPS equation of state (EOS) similar to that obtained by Lai and Shapiro while at high densities the EOS obtained from the relativistic nuclear mean field theory is taken and extended to include strong magnetic field. It is found that magnetized neutron stars support higher maximum mass whereas the effect of magnetic field on radial stability for observed neutron star masses is minimal.