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1.
2.
In Germany, very little empirical data about the mathematical competence of adults is available. The aim of this study is to test the level of mathematical competence in an adult sample. For this purpose, a mathematics test was constructed using the PISA mathematics framework as a guideline. The test consisted of fourteen public items from the mathematics test in PISA 2000. The study was implemented by carrying out house visits (Germany). The sample was comprised of 64 adults (90% women, age: 41 years). The test results were scaled in the metric of PISA 2000. Compared with the average German student competencies in PISA 2000, the average competency in the adult sample was on the same level as the fifteen-year-old comprehensive secondary school student (at a German Gymnasium). Further analysis shows that the mathematics competency level in the adult sample is positively connected to the individual vocational education degree. 相似文献
3.
H. Bungener L. Fries und C. O'Sullivan 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1885,24(1):116-119
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
4.
Effects of chemical, physical, and technological processes on the nature of food allergens 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A review is presented of studies of different processing techniques and their effect on the allergenicity and antigenicity of certain allergenic foods. An overview of investigated technologies is given with regard to their impact on the protein structure and their potential application in the production of hypoallergenic foods. The use of physical processes (such as heating, high pressure, microparticulation, ultrafiltration, and irradiation), chemical processes (such as proteolysis, fermentation, and refining by extraction), and biotechnological approaches, as well as the effects of these processes on individual allergenic foods, are included. Additionally, the implications of food processing for food allergen analysis with respect to food safety assessment and industrial quality control are briefly discussed. 相似文献
5.
Elke Barsties Stefan Schaible Marc-Heinrich Prosenc Ursula Rief Werner Rll Oliver Weyand Birgit Dorer Hans-Herbert Brintzinger 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》1996,520(1-2):63-68
Bis(2-N,N-dimethylamino-indenyl) zirconium dichloride, (2-(CH3)2N-C9H6)2ZrCl2, and dimethylsilyl-bridged bis(2-N,N-dimethylamino-indenyl) zirconium dichloride, (CH3)2Si(2-(CH3)2N-C9H5)2ZrCl2, were prepared by reaction of the corresponding ligand lithium salts with ZrCl4 in toluene. Diffractometric structure determinations reveal C2-symmetric complex geometries for both complexes. An increased electron density at the Zr center of the dimethylamino-substituted complexes is indicated by reduction potentials which are 0.3–0.4 V more negative than those of their unsubstituted analogs. When activated with methyl aluminoxane in toluene solution, (CH3)2Si(2-(CH3)2N-C9H5)2ZrCl2 catalyzes the polymerization of propene to polymers with a microstructure comparable with that of polymers produced with other Me2Si-bridged bis(indenyl)ZrCl2 complexes, but with a substantially increased fraction of i-propyl end groups derived from alkyl exchange between Zr-polymer and Al---Me species. 相似文献
6.
Ternary Lithium Rare Earth Nitrates with Lonesome Nitrate Ions: Li3[M(NO3)5](NO3) (M = Gd? Lu, Y). The Crystal Structure of Li3Er(NO3)6 Single crystals of the ternary nitrate Li3Er(NO3)6 are obtained from a solution of “Er(NO3)3” in the melt of LiNO3. In Li3Er(NO3)6 (monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4; a = 776.0(1); b = 748.86(8); c = 2 396(1) pm; β = 90.76(3)°; R1 = 0.0490; wR2 = 0.0792), Er3+ is surrounded by five bidentate nitrate ligands yielding the anionic units [Er(NO3)5]2?. These are arranged in the direction of the 21 screw axis. Two lonesome NO3? ions are in the middle of such a “helix” and are connected by Li+ with the anions [Er(NO3)5]2?. The helices are moved against each other by about half of the lattice constant a and are connected by further Li+ ions. 相似文献
7.
Fries G Wolf J Ilg K Walfort B Stalke D Werner H 《Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)》2004,(12):1873-1881
A series of unsymmetrical 1,2-bis(phosphino)ethanes R(2)PCH(2)CH(2)PR'(2) and 1-arsino-2-phosphinoethanes R(2)AsCH(2)CH(2)PR'(2) mainly with bulky substituents R and R' were prepared from the cyclic sulfate by stepwise cleavage of the carbon-oxygen bonds by LiPR(2) and LiPR'(2) or LiAsR(2) and LiPR'(2), respectively. Analogously, racemic mixtures of R(2)PCH(2)CH(Me)PPh(2)(R =iPr, Cy ) as well as the enantiomers (R)-, (R)- and (R)-tBu(2)PCH(2)CH(Me)PPh(2)(R)- were obtained from the corresponding unsymmetrical cyclic sulfates and (S)-. On a similar route, the racemates of the 1,3-bis(phosphino)propanes R(2)PCH(2)CH(2)CH(Me)PPh(2)(R =iPr, tBu ), optically pure (R)- and (S,S)-iPr(2)PCH(Me)CH(2)CH(Me)PPh(2)(S,S)- were prepared. The reaction of [[RhCl([small eta](4)-C(8)H(12))](2)] with chelating ligands L-L, where L-L is R(2)PCH(2)P(men)(2)(R =iPr, Ph; men =(1S,2R,5S)-menthyl), Cy(2)AsCH(2)P(men)(2), or (R)-, (R)-, (R)-, (R)- and (S,S)-, in the presence of AgPF(6), gave the complexes [Rh(eta(4)-C(8)H(12))(L-L)]PF(6) which were used as pre-catalysts in the hydrogenation of the methyl ester of alpha-acetamidocinnamic acid (ACM). Depending on L-L, the solvent, the temperature and the pressure of H(2), optical yields of up to 69% ee were achieved. For two of the rhodium complexes, and, the molecular structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. 相似文献
8.
Bonnet C Gadelle A Pécaut J Fries PH Delangle P 《Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)》2005,(5):625-627
The cyclodextrin derivative (hexakis (2-O-carboxymethyl-3,6-anhydro)-alpha-cyclodextrin) forms mono- and bimetallic complexes with lutetium(III) in aqueous solution; the X-ray structure of the binuclear complex [Lu2(ACX)(H2O)2] is the first example of a lanthanide-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. 相似文献
9.
Batrice Alpha Elke Anklam Robert Deschenaux Jean-Marie Lehn Marek Pietraskiewiez 《Helvetica chimica acta》1988,71(5):1042-1052
Sythetic procedures have been deweloped for the preparation of sodium and lithium cryptates of the macrabicyclic ligands 1–11 containing pyridine, bipyridine, and biisoquinoline groups. They involve stepwise construction of the bicyclic system as will as direct macrobicyclisation procedures (Scheme 1) and give access to both symmetrical and dissymmetrical structures. Marked cation template effects have been found that facilitate the cyclisation processes. The ligands 1–11 were isolated as their cryptates with Na+ or Li+ cations. 相似文献
10.
Guldi DM Hirsch A Scheloske M Dietel E Troisi A Zerbetto F Prato M 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2003,9(20):4968-4979
Control over the interchromophore separation, their angular relationship, and the spatial overlap of their electronic clouds in several ZnP-C(60) dyads (ZnP=zinc porphyrin) is used to modulate the rates of intramolecular electron transfer. For the first time, a detailed analysis of the charge transfer absorption and emission spectra, time-dependent spectroscopic measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations prove quantitatively that the same two moieties can produce widely different electron-transfer regimes. This investigation also shows that the combination of ZnP and C(60) consistently produces charge recombination in the inverted Marcus region, with reorganization energies that are remarkably low, regardless of the solvent polarity. The time constants of electron transfer range from the mus to the ps regime, the electronic couplings from a few tens to several hundreds of cm(-1), and the reorganization energies remain below 0.54 eV and can be as low as 0.16 eV. 相似文献