A comparative study of liquid and solid inner contact roxatidine acetate ion-selective electrode membranes

A comparative study was conducted using two designs of a roxatidine acetate (ROX)-selective electrode; a conventional liquid inner contact called electrode A and a graphite-coated solid contact called electrode B. The fabrication of electrodes was based on roxatidine-tetraphenylborate (ROX-TPB) as an ion-association complex in a PVC matrix using different plasticizers. Electrode A has a linear dynamic range of 2.2×10-5 mol/L to 1.0×10-2 mol/L, with a Nernstian slope of 54.7 mV/decade and a detection limit of 1.4×10-6 mol/L. Electrode B shows linearity over the concentration range of 1.0×10-6 mol/L to 1.0×10-2 mol/L, with a Nernstian slope of 51.2 mV/decade and a limit of detection of 1.1×10-7 mol/L which is remarkably improved as a result of diminishing ion fluxes in this solid contact, ion-selective electrode. The proposed sensors display useful analytical characteristics for the determination of ROX in bulk powder and its pharmaceutical formulation. The present electrodes show clear discrimination of ROX from several inorganic, organic ions, sugars, some common drug excipients and the degradation product (3-[3-(1-piperidinyl methyl) phenoxy] propyl amine) of ROX. Furthermore, the proposed electrodes were utilized for the determination of ROX in human plasma, where electrode B covers drug Cmax which indicated its applicability to pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and bioequivalent studies. The results obtained by the proposed electrodes were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by a reported HPLC method. No significant difference for either accuracy or precision was observed.     

Stability indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic and thin layer densitometric methods for the determination of ziprasidone in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical formulations

Two sensitive and reproducible methods were developed and validated for the determination of ziprasidone (ZIP) in the presence of its degradation products in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. The fi rst method was based on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), on a Lichrosorb RP C(18) column using water:acetonitrile:phosphoric acid (76:24:0.5 v/v/v) as the mobile phase at a fl ow rate of 1.5 mL min(-1) at ambient temperature. Quantification was achieved with UV detection at 229 nm over a concentration range of 10-500 micro g mL(-1) with mean percentage recovery of 99.71 +/- 0.55. The method retained its accuracy in presence of up to 90% of ZIP degradation products. The second method was based on TLC separation of ZIP from its degradation products followed by densitometric measurement of the intact drug spot at 247 nm. The separation was carried out on aluminium sheet of silica gel 60 F(254) using choloroform:methanol:glacial acetic acid (75:5:4.5 v/v/v) as the mobile phase, over a concentration range of 1-10 micro g per spot and mean percentage recovery of 99.26 +/- 0.39. Both methods were applied successfully to laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical capsules.     

A portable solid-state electrochemical sensor based on N-doped graphite as a transducer layer for determination of a multiple sclerosis managing medication in biological fluids

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Solid-state electrochemical sensors have shown tremendous promise for portable and reliable ion detection, thanks to implementing new functional materials...     

A Novel Nanoparticles-based Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Sensitive Detection of Oral Anticoagulant; Edoxaban in Human Plasma

During COVID-19 pandemic, coagulopathy have been reported as a potential threat to most infected patients. Edoxaban (EDX) is a direct oral anticoagulant that is recently added to most COVID-19 treatment protocols either as therapy or prophylaxis. Herein, a novel nanoparticles modified glassy carbon potentiometric sensor was developed for the selective quantitation of EDX in human plasma. The electrochemical performance of the proposed sensor was assessed and compared to nanoparticle free sensor. An enhancement in electrode performance including: detection limit (3.39×10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹), response time (8.0±2.0 s) and improved selectivity. The proposed sensor was able to determine EDX in pure form, pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma.     

Membrane electrodes for the determination of glutathione

Four glutathione (GSH)-selective electrodes were developed with different techniques and in different polymeric matrices. Precipitation-based technique with bathophenanthroline-ferrous as cationic exchanger in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix was used for sensor 1 fabrication. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD)-based technique with either tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (TpClPB) or bathophenanthroline-ferrous as fixed anionic and cationic sites in PVC matrix was used for fabrication of sensors 2 and 3, respectively.β-CD-based technique with TpClPB as fixed anionic site in polyurethane (Tecoflex) matrix was used for sensor 4 fabrication. Linear responses of 1 × 10⁻⁵ to 1 × 10⁻⁴ M and 1 × 10⁻⁶ to 1 × 10⁻³ M with slopes of 37.5 and 32.0 mV/decade within pH 7-8 were obtained by using electrodes 1 and 3, respectively. On the other hand, linear responses of 1 × 10⁻⁵ to 1 × 10⁻² and 1 × 10⁻⁵ to 1 × 10⁻³ M with slopes of 47.9 and 54.3 mV/decade within pH 5-6 were obtained by using electrodes 2 and 4, respectively. The percentage recoveries for determination of GSH by the four proposed GSH-selective electrodes were 100 ± 1, 100.5 ± 0.7, 100 ± 1 and 99.0 ± 0.8% for sensors 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Determination of GSH in capsules by the proposed electrodes revealed their applicability for determination of GSH in its pharmaceutical formulations. Also, they were used to determine GSH selectively in presence of its oxidized form (GSSG). Sensor 4 was successfully applied for determination of glutathione in plasma with average recovery of 100.4 ± 1.11%. The proposed method was compared with a reported one. No significant difference for both accuracy and precision was observed.