Effects of Sucrose Palmitate on the Physico-Chemical and Mucoadhesive Properties of Buccal Films

In our current research, sucrose palmitate (SP) was applied as a possible permeation enhancer for buccal use. This route of administration is a novelty as there is no literature on the use of SP in buccal mucoadhesive films. Films containing SP were prepared at different temperatures, with different concentrations of SP and different lengths of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) chains. The mechanical, structural, and in vitro mucoadhesive properties of films containing SP were investigated. Tensile strength and mucoadhesive force were measured with a device and software developed in our Institute. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD) were applied for the structure analysis of the films. Mucoadhesive work was calculated in two ways: from the measured contact angle and compared with direct mucoadhesive work, which measured mucoadhesive force, which is direct mucoadhesion work. These results correlate linearly with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. It is also novel because it is a new method for the determination of mucoadhesive work.     

Supplementary Observations on the Chemistry of the Alkaloids of Berberine Series and Related Compounds. III. Fluorescence Spectra of the Alkaloids of Berberine Series and Their Related Compounds

The absorption maxima of the fluorescence spectra of the berberine series alkaloids are broadly distributed between 360 and 560 mμ. The fluorescence spectra of most substances of this series are very monotonous one having a single peak, the spectra of tetrahydrocoptisine and tetrahydroepiberberine are quite exceptional and consist of two wavy bands. The introduction of the auxochrome group into the molecule of “proto” compounds causes the decreasing of the fluorescence intensity and this effect is strongest in case of transition from protoberberine to berberine. That, tetrahydropalmatine does not show the distinct fluorescence spectrum band is the only incomprehensible fact.     

Supplementary Observations on the Chemistry of the Alkaloids of Berberine Series. II. The Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Berberines and Related Compounds

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of berbines and ?-berbines consist of a single, weak and narrow band in which λ_max position dependeds on the kind of auxochrome group i. e., methylenedioxy-or dimethoxy group attached to 2–3 position. The effect of the auxochrome group at 11–12 position or 12–13 position is very small. The shape of the band of oxyberberine, oxy-?-berberine and oxyprotoberberine are similar, especially those of the latter two substances resemble closely. Comparing with isoquinoline, the bands (b), (c) and (d) of G-berberines and protoberberine are considered as characteristic of isoquinoline structure, while the band (a) in visible region is of berberinium structure, however, the absorption curve of ?-berberines does not show any characteristic of isoquinoline or berberinium structure.     

On Convergence Rate in the Gauss–Kuzmin Problem for Grotesque Continued Fractions

 We give an infinite-order-chain representation of the sequence of the incomplete quotients of the grotesque continued fraction expansion. Together with the ergodic behaviour of a certain homogeneous random system with complete connections, this allows us to prove a Gauss–Kuzmin-type theorem for this expansion. Finally, we derive a two-dimensional Gauss–Kuzmin theorem and also obtain an estimate of the convergence rate. (Received 9 October 2000; in revised form 27 March 2001)     

Toward isovector M1 transitions in odd-odd N = Z nuclei

IsovectorM1 transitions between low-lying T=1 and T=0 states in odd-odd N = Z nuclei are discussed. The data on low-spin states in the odd-odd nuclei ⁴⁶V and ⁵⁰Mn investigated with the ⁴⁶Ti(p, nγ)⁴⁶V and ⁵⁰Cr(p, nγ)⁵⁰Mn fusion evaporation reactions at the FN-TANDEM accelerator in Cologne are reported. A simple explanation of the enhancement of the M1 transitions is given in terms of quasideuteron configurations. The fragmentation of the strong M1 transitions is shown to be due to the coupling of the two-particle configurations to the rotating core.     

Calculations of the energy spectra of Zn,Ga, and Ge isotopes by the shell model

The effective Hamiltonian which was determined empirically by Koops and Glaudemans is tested in shell model calculations for the^65–68Zn,^67–69Ga, and^68–70Ge nuclei in the full (1p _3/2,0f _5/2,1p _1/2) ⁿ space. The resulting energy spectra are compared with the experimental spectra and results of previous calculations. The overall agreement with experiment is as satisfactory for these nuclei as for the Ni and Cu isotopes, by which the Hamiltonian was determined. It is noticed that the spectra of⁶⁷Zn and^67,69Ga calculated in this work are similar to those provided by the Alaga model.     

Shell model study of 0+ states in 40Ca

Low-lying positive parity levels of calcium-40 are discussed in the framework of the shell model. An inert ³²S core is assumed, and $\text{Od}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ and $\text{Of}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>7</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ are taken as active orbits. As effective interactions we assumed those used by Federman and Pittel. Effect of many-particle and many-hole configurations up to 8p–8h states are shown to be important even for the very low-lying 0⁺ states.     

Convergence rate for Rényi-type continued fraction expansions

Periodica Mathematica Hungarica - This paper continues our investigation of Rényi-type continued fractions studied in Lascu and Sebe (A dependence with complete connections approach to...     

Spectrum of excess partial molar absorptivity. Part II: a near infrared spectroscopic study of aqueous Na-halides

Our earlier thermodynamic studies suggested that F(-) and Cl(-) form hydration shells with the hydration number 14 ± 2 and 2.3 ± 0.6, respectively, and leave the bulk H(2)O away from hydration shells unperturbed. Br(-) and I(-), on the other hand, form hydrogen bonds directly with the momentarily existing hydrogen bond network of H(2)O, and retard the degree of entropy-volume cross fluctuation inherent in liquid H(2)O. The effect of the latter is stronger for I(-) than Br(-). Here we seek additional information about this qualitative difference between Cl(-) and (Br(-) and I(-)) pair by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. We analyze the ν(2) + ν(3) band of H(2)O in the range 4600-5500 cm(-1) of aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaBr and NaI, by a new approach. From observed absorbance, we calculate excess molar absorptivity, ε(E), excess over the additive contributions of solute and solvent. ε(E) thus contains information about the effect of inter-molecular interactions in the ν(2) + ν(3) spectrum. The spectrum of ε(E) shows three bands; two negative ones at 5263 and 4873 cm(-1), and the positive band at 5123 cm(-1). We then define and calculate the excess partial molar absorptivity of each salt, ε(E)(salt). From the behaviour of ε(E)(salt) we suggest that the negative band at 5263 cm(-1) represents free H(2)O without much hydrogen bonding under the influence of local electric field of ions. Furthermore, from a sudden change in the x(salt) (mole fraction of salt) dependence of ε(E)(salt), we suggest that there is an ion-pairing in x(salt) > 0.032, 0.036, and 0.04 for NaCl, NaBr and NaI respectively. The positive band of ε(E) at 5123 cm(-1) is attributed to a modestly organized hydrogen bond network of H(2)O (or liquid-likeness), and the x(salt) dependence of ε indicated a qualitative difference in the effect of Cl(-) from those of Br(-) and I(-). Namely, the values of ε(E)(salt) stay constant for Cl(-) but those for Br(-) and I(-) decrease smoothly on increasing the salt mole fraction. The mole fraction dependence of ε(E)(salt) at the 4873 cm(-1) band, due to ice-likeness in H(2)O, shows a subtle difference between Cl(-) and (Br(-), I(-)) pair.