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1.
Treatment of the phenyl-substituted silane 4 with lithium metal afforded the functionalized lithiosilane rac-2 by selective cleavage of one Si-C bond between silicon and a phenyl group. The resulting lithiosilane rac-2 crystallizes as the dimer (2.THF)2, which represents the first example of a dimeric organyl-substituted lithiosilane in the presence of THF.  相似文献   
2.
Koch KR  Auer D 《Talanta》1993,40(12):1975-1980
Microamounts of Pt(II/IV) (0.25–800 μg/ml) and Pd(II) (5–600 μg/ml) in> 0.5 M hydrochloric acid can readily be determined by means of a simple FIA method based on the selective reaction of tin(II)chloride with these metals. The FIA method has a high linear dynamic range, and is relatively free from interferences of many transition metals, with the exception of Au and Rh; small amounts of other PGMs can be tolerated. Determination of Pt on a hydrogenation catalyst by this method compares well with that found by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. By monitoring at two or more wavelengths, Pt and Pd can be determined in mixtures by this means, to yield a simple, cost-effective FIA method for possible on-line determinations and quality control of, in particular, Pt containing acidic refinery and other process streams.  相似文献   
3.
Summary For the determination of traces of heavy metals e. g. from distilled water, drinking water or waste water generally a suitable pretreatment of the samples is necessary. For this reason an enrichment method was developed which makes it possible to precipitate several metals together with carrier elements from aqueous solutions. To carry out the method, 10 to 500 ml of the sample are mixed with 1 ml of a diluted nitric acid to produce a weak acid starting state for the diverse samples. After addition of a reduction solution and the collector solution the metals are precipitated at a constant pH between 5.0 to 5.5 with diethylammonium-N,N-diethyldithio-carbamate. The precipitate can be collected by filtration on a membrane filter. It forms a thin layer on the membrane filter and adheres without any auxiliary products for a long time. The time required for the complete process is less than 15 minutes if the starting volume was about 100 ml. A special equipment is not necessary. In the determination of traces of metals from organic substances a special rapid decomposition method with the decomposition device BIOKLAV® was developed. By this method it is possible to convert the organic matter into an aqueous solution without addition of any chemicals. The BIOKLAV is a cylindrical pressure vessel with a safety rapid lock. A 20 g sample of organic material, e. g. meat or similar foodstuff, with a water content of 70–80% is pre-dried in the closed vessel and thereafter burnt in oxygen with elevated pressure. After this procedure all traces of metals present in the starting sample are contained in an aqueous solution consisting on the condensed water from drying and the burning products of the organic matter. The time required for the complete process is less than 30 min. From the obtained solution traces of metals are to enrich by precipitation with carbamate. The determination of the traces of metals is possible by a suitable method of analysis like atomic absorption, ICP or X-ray fluorescence. In various water samples, like drinking water and waste water, traces of Cr, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Hg and Se in amounts of 5–100g were determined. The recovery rate was 80–90%. In organic substances Hg, Cd, Pb and As in amounts ranging from 50–250 ng/g resp. in amounts of 1–5g were detected with recoveries of more than 80%.
Ein schnelles Anreicherungsverfahren zur Bestimmung von Schwermetallspuren in wärigen Lösungen
Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Schwermetallspuren z. B. in destilliertem Wasser, Trinkwasser oder Abwasser ist im allgemeinen eine geeignete Probenvorbereitung erforderlich. Für diesen Zweck wurde ein Anreicherungsverfahren ausgearbeitet, um gleichzeitig mehrere Metalle zusammen mit Spurenfänger-elementen aus wäßrigen Lösungen ausfällen zu können. Danach werden 10–500 ml Probenlösung mit 1 ml verd. Salpetersäure versetzt, um bei den verschiedenen Proben jeweils einen schwach sauren pH-Wert einzustellen. Anschließend werden eine Reduktionslösung sowie die Spurenfängerlösung zugegeben und mit einer Pufferlösung ein pH von 5,0–5,5 eingestellt. Die gelösten Metallspuren werden mit Diäthylammonium-N,N-diäthyldithio-carbamat ausgefällt. Der Niedersclhlag wird auf einem Membranfilter gesammelt. Man erhält ohne Hilfsmittel einen dünnen elastischen Film, der lange Zeit auf dem Filter haftet. Bei einem Ausgangsvolumen von 100 ml dauert der gesamte Vorgang weniger als 15 min. Für die Bestimmung von Metallspuren in organischen Substanzen wurde ein Schnellaufschlußverfahren mit dem Aufschlußgerät BIOKLAV® entwickelt. Damit ist es möglich, die organische Matrix ohne Zusatz von Chemikalien in eine wäßrige Lösung zu überführen. Der BIOKLAV ist ein zylindrisches Druckgefäß mit einem Sicherheitsschnellverschluß. 20 g Probenmaterial mit einem Wassergehalt von 70–80%, z. B. Fleisch oder ähnliche Lebensmittel, werden im geschlossenen Gefäß zuerst vorgetrocknet und anschließend in Sauerstoff bei erhöhtem Druck verbrannt. Nach dem Aufschluß befinden sich die zu erfassenden Metallspuren in einer wäßrigen Lösung, die aus dem kondensierten Wasser des Probenmaterials und den Verbrennungsprodukten der organischen Matrix herrührt. Der gesamte Aufschluß dauert weniger als 30 min. Aus der Lösung können die Metallspuren durch Fällung mit Carbamat angereichert werden. Die Bestimmung der Elementspuren erfolgt z. B. mit Atom-Absorptions-Spektrometrie (AAS), Optischer Emissions-spektrometrie mit Plasma-Anregung (ICP) oder Röntgen-Fluoreszenz-Analyse(RFA). In verschiedenen Wasserproben, wie z. B. Trinkwasser und Abwasser wurden Spuren von Cr, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg und Se in Mengen von 5–100g bestimmt. Die Wiederfindungsrate war 80–90%. In organischen Substanzen wurden Hg, Cd, Pb und As in Massenanteilen von 50–250 ng/g bzw. in Mengen von 1–5g mit einer Wiederfindungsrate von mehr als 80% bestimmt.


Presented at the 8th International Microchemical Symposium, Graz, August 25–30, 1980.  相似文献   
4.
Summary 4-Dimethylamino-5,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-2-thiones (1) were alkylated to N,N-dimethyl-6-methylthio-2H-thiopyran-4(3H)-iminiumiodides (2). Aminolysis of the latter with ammonia led to 6-dimethylamino-2H-thiopyran-4(3H)-iminiumiodides (3) which were hydrolyzed to 3-amino-N,N-dimethyl-2,4-pentadienthioamides (4). Ring closure with sulfur gave 3-aminothiophene-2-thioamides (5). The configurations of the pentadienthioamides (4) have been investigated by NOE experiments. The structures of the thiophene-2-thioamides (5) were established by means of two-dimensional NMR techniques.
Synthese von 3-Aminothiophen-2-thiocarboxamiden
Zusammenfassung 4-Dimethylamino-5,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-2-thione (1) wurden zu N,N-Dimethyl-6-methylthio-2H-thiopyran-4(3H)-iminiumiodiden(2) alkyliert. Die Umsetzung mit Ammoniak führte zur Bildung von 6-Dimethylamino-2H-thiopyran-4(3H)-iminiumiodiden (3). Diese wurden zu 3-Amino-N,N-dimethyl-2,4-pentadienthioamiden (4) hydrolysiert. Beim Erhitzen mit Schwefel erfolgte Cyclisierung zu 3-Aminothiophen-2-thiocarboxamiden (5). Die Konfiguration der Pentadienthioamide (4) wurde mit NOE-Messungen untersucht, die der Thiophen-2-thiocarboxamide (5) mit Hilfe zweidimensionaler NMR-Methoden aufgeklärt.
  相似文献   
5.
Abstract

As testing is not required, ecotoxicity or fate data are available for ≈ 5% of the approximately 2,300 new chemicals/year (26,000 + total) submitted to the US-EPA. The EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) regulatory program was forced to develop and rely upon QSARs to estimate the ecotoxicity and fate of most of the new chemicals evaluated for hazard and risk assessment. QSAR methods routinely result in ecotoxicity estimations of acute and chronic toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and algae, and in fate estimations of physical/chemical properties, degradation, and bioconcentration. The EPA's Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory of existing chemicals currently lists over 72,000 chemicals. Most existing chemicals also appear to have little or no ecotoxicity or fate data available and the OPPT new chemical QSAR methods now provide predictions and cross-checks of test data for the regulation of existing chemicals. Examples include the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), the Design for the Environment (DfE), and the OECD/SIDS/HPV Programs. QSAR screening of the TSCA Inventory has prioritized thousands of existing chemicals for possible regulatory testing of: 1) persistent bioaccumulative chemicals, and 2) the high ecotoxicity of specific discrete organic chemicals.  相似文献   
6.
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) specifies that radioxenon measurements should be performed at 40 or more stations worldwide within the International Monitoring System (IMS). Measuring radioxenon is one of the principle techniques to detect underground nuclear explosions. Specifically, presence and ratios of different radioxenon isotopes allows determining whether a detection event under consideration originated from a nuclear explosion or a civilian source. However, radioxenon monitoring on a global scale is a novel technology and the global civil background must be characterized sufficiently. This paper lays out a study, based on several unique measurement campaigns, of the worldwide concentrations and sources of verification relevant xenon isotopes. It complements the experience already gathered with radioxenon measurements within the CTBT IMS programme and focuses on locations in Belgium, Germany, Kuwait, Thailand and South Africa where very little information was available on ambient xenon levels or interesting sites offered opportunities to learn more about emissions from known sources. The findings corroborate the hypothesis that a few major radioxenon sources contribute in great part to the global radioxenon background. Additionally, the existence of independent sources of 131mXe (the daughter of 131I) has been demonstrated, which has some potential to bias the isotopic signature of signals from nuclear explosions.  相似文献   
7.
8.
The conformational properties of monosaccharides constitute fundamental features of oligosaccharides. While the energy landscape of monosaccharides can be altered by a specific biochemical environment or by chemical modifications, the analysis of resulting dynamic conformational equilibria is not feasible by experimental means alone. In this work, a series of β-d -xylopyranosides is used to outline how a combination of experimental NMR parameters and computed molecular properties can be used to determine conformers and quantify the composition of conformational equilibria. We demonstrate that identifying the most stable conformers using energy calculations is challenging and computing of NMR shieldings is typically not sensitive enough. On the other hand, computed spin-spin coupling constants for the xyloside ring can be used to unambiguously assign experimental NMR data of dynamic conformational equilibria and quantify the ratio of different conformers in the mixture. As a proof of principle, this procedure allowed to analyze a hitherto unknown dynamic equilibrium of a diamino-xyloside as a precursor of a molecular switch.  相似文献   
9.
Renewables will soon dominate energy production in our electric power system. And yet, how to integrate renewable energy into the grid and the market is still a subject of major debate. Decentral Smart Grid Control (DSGC) was recently proposed as a robust and decentralized approach to balance supply and demand and to guarantee a grid operation that is both economically and dynamically feasible. Here, we analyze the impact of network topology by assessing the stability of essential network motifs using both linear stability analysis and basin volume for delay systems. Our results indicate that if frequency measurements are averaged over sufficiently large time intervals, DSGC enhances the stability of extended power grid systems. We further investigate whether DSGC supports centralized and/or decentralized power production and find it to be applicable to both. However, our results on cycle-like systems suggest that DSGC favors systems with decentralized production. Here, lower line capacities and lower averaging times are required compared to those with centralized production.  相似文献   
10.
Extreme events are a challenge to natural as well as man-made systems. For critical infrastructure like power grids, we need to understand their resilience against large disturbances. Recently, new measures of the resilience of dynamical systems have been developed in the complex system literature. Basin stability and survivability respectively assess the asymptotic and transient behavior of a system when subjected to arbitrary, localized but large perturbations in frequency and phase. To employ these methods that assess power grid resilience, we need to choose a certain model detail of the power grid. For the grid topology we considered the Scandinavian grid and an ensemble of power grids generated with a random growth model. So far the most popular model that has been studied is the classical swing equation model for the frequency response of generators and motors. In this paper we study a more sophisticated model of synchronous machines that also takes voltage dynamics into account, and compare it to the previously studied model. This model has been found to give an accurate picture of the long term evolution of synchronous machines in the engineering literature for post fault studies. We find evidence that some stable fix points of the swing equation become unstable when we add voltage dynamics. If this occurs the asymptotic behavior of the system can be dramatically altered, and basin stability estimates obtained with the swing equation can be dramatically wrong. We also find that the survivability does not change significantly when taking the voltage dynamics into account. Further, the limit cycle type asymptotic behaviour is strongly correlated with transient voltages that violate typical operational voltage bounds. Thus, transient voltage bounds are dominated by transient frequency bounds and play no large role for realistic parameters.  相似文献   
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