Intramolecular Hydroamination of Selenoalkynes to 2-Selenylindoles in the Absence of Catalyst

In this work, a series of 2-chalcogenylindoles was synthesized by an efficient methodology, starting from chalcogenoalkynes, including a previously unreported tellurium indole derivative. For the first time, these 2-substituted chalcogenylindoles were obtained in the absence of metal catalyst or base, under thermal conditions only. In addition, the results described herein represent a methodology with inverse regioselectivity for the chalcogen functionalization of indoles.     

Heuristic Algorithms and Scatter Search for the Cardinality Constrained P||Cmax Problem

We consider the generalization of the classical P||C_max problem (assign n jobs to m identical parallel processors by minimizing the makespan) arising when the number of jobs that can be assigned to each processor cannot exceed a given integer k. The problem is strongly NP-hard for any fixed k > 2. We briefly survey lower and upper bounds from the literature. We introduce greedy heuristics, local search and a scatter search approach. The effectiveness of these approaches is evaluated through extensive computational comparison with a depth-first branch-and-bound algorithm that includes new lower bounds and dominance criteria.     

Packing into the smallest square: Worst-case analysis of lower bounds

We address the problem of packing a given set of rectangles into the minimum size square. We consider three versions of the problem, arising when the rectangles (i) are squares; (ii) have a fixed orientation; (iii) can be rotated by 90. For each case we study lower bounds, and analyze their worst-case performance ratio. In addition, we evaluate through computational experiments their average performance on instances from the literature.     

Transport properties of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants in aqueous solutions

Differential mutual diffusion coefficients of n-alkyltrimethylammonium bromides [CH₃(CH₂)_n–1N(CH₃)₃Br, C_nTAB] (n=10, 12, 14, 16) have been measured in aqueous solutions at 298.15 K using a conductimetric cell and an automatic apparatus to follow diffusion. The cell is based on an open-ended capillary, and the technique follows the diffusion process by measuring the resistance of a solution inside the capillaries at various times. The electrical conductances of those solutions have also been measured to calculate the critical micellar concentration (cmc). Thermodynamic analysis of the data suggests that the free ion concentration decreases at concentrations above the cmc, in agreement with theoretical predictions. The obtained values of the micellization parameters were used to model the mutual diffusion coefficients of C_nTAB aqueous solutions.     

Selecting an agricultural technology package based on the flexible and interactive tradeoff method

Annals of Operations Research - The aim of this paper is to solve an agricultural technology packages selection problem by considering multiple dimensions which influence a maize producer’s...     

Photooxidation of glycated and non‐glycated phosphatidylethanolamines monitored by mass spectrometry

Phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) are one of the major components of cells membranes, namely in skin and in retina, that are continuously exposed to solar UV radiation being major targets of photooxidation damage. In addition, due to the presence of the free amine group, PE can also undergo glycation, in hyperglycemic conditions which may increase the susceptibility to oxidation. The aim of this study is to develop a model, based on mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, to identify photooxidative degradation of selected PE (POPE: PE 16:0/18:1, PLPE: PE 16:0/18:2, PAPE: PE 16:0/20:4) and glycated PEs due to UV irradiation. Photooxidation products were analysed by electrospray ionization MS (ESI‐MS) and tandem MS (ESI‐MS/MS) in positive and negative mode. Emphasis is placed in the influence of glycation in the generation of distinct photooxidation products. ESI‐MS spectra of PE after UV photo‐irradiation showed mainly hydroperoxy derivatives, due to oxidation of unsaturated fatty acyl chains. Glycated PE gave rise to several new photooxidation products formed due to oxidative cleavages of the glucose moiety, namely between C1 and C2, C2 and C3, and C5 and C6 of this sugar unit. These new products were identified by ESI‐MS/MS in positive mode showing distinct neutral loss depending on the different structure of the polar head group. These new identified advanced glycated photooxidation products may have a deleterious role in the etiology of diabetic retinopathy and in diabetic retinal microvascular complications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.