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1.
We investigate infinite-dimensional differential inclusions. Sufficient conditions for nonemptiness of the viability kernels of such systems are obtained.  相似文献   
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The change in the magnetic domain structure due to the proximity of a superconductor has been experimentally investigated for the first time. The complex character of magnetization reversal at temperatures below critical, caused by the mutual long-range effect of a superconductor and a magnet, has been shown. In particular, it is found that even magnetization reversal of the heterostructure by an in-plane field leads to the formation of Abrikosov vortices in the superconductor, carrying a flux perpendicularly to the film plane. It is shown that this is a consequence of the transformation of narrow domain walls into wide stripes due to the interaction with scattering fields from the superconductor. In turn, after penetration of the magnetic flux into the superconductor at some depth, the scattering fields cause backward magnetization reversal of the external film edge, as a result of which vortices with oppositely directed fluxes enter the crystal and propagate in the superconductor bulk in the form of chains along twins, as in the case of magnetization by a perpendicular magnetic field. Thus, at longitudinal magnetization, the flux enters the superconducting film in the form of wide stripes with alternating perpendicular induction, which is explained by the long-range interaction of the scattering fields of the superconductor with the manganite magnetization.  相似文献   
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[Ga6R8]2– (R = SiPh2Me): A Metalloid Cluster Compound with an Unexpected Ga6‐Frame The reaction of a metastable solution of GaBr with a solution of LiSiPh2Me in a toluene/THF mixture results in orange coloured crystals of [Ga6(SiPh2Me)8]2– · 2 [Li(THF)4]+ ( 1 ). The unexpected structure of the planar Ga6 frame (C2h) could also be realized with the help of DFT calculation. DFT calculations furthermore show that 1 is energetically favoured against an octahedral Ga6R62– species and R2. In contrast calculations for the similar Al and B species show that in these cases the octahedral entities are favoured. These results demonstrate that even for similar compounds of B, Al, and Ga Wade rules are too general and that they cannot predict the correct structure. Moreover the atomic arrangement within 1 shows that a structure is preferred which is also present in allotropic β‐Ga and that therefore clusters of this type should be called metalloid or more general elementoid.  相似文献   
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Summary A method of calculating the separated flow of a viscous fluid is proposed, which allows to split up properly the boundary condition problem from the viscous phenomena. The theory is developed for the flow past a plate and yields wakes of finite extension having an underpressure which depends directly on the amount of vorticity diffusion and dissipation occurring in the fluid. Application of the method to real flows shows good agreement between the calculated and the measured velocity distributions in front of the plate and in the wake.
Résumé Une méthode de calcul de l'écoulement décollé d'un fluide visqueux est proposée qui permet de séparer clairement le problème aux limites des phénomènes visqueux. La théorie est développée pour l'écoulement autour d'une plaque et donne des sillages de longueur finie ayant une dépression de culot directement dépendante de l'intensité de la diffusion et dissipation de la vorticité se produisant dans le fluide. L'application de la méthode à des écoulements réels montre une bonne concordance entre les répartitions de vitesse calculées et mesurées sur le devant de la plaque et dans le sillage.
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We present a novel approach for the determination of activation energy for the unimolecular dissociation of a large (>50 atoms) ion, based on measurement of the unimolecular dissociation rate constant as a function of continuous-wave CO(2) laser intensity. Following a short ( approximately 1 s) induction period, CO(2) laser irradiation produces an essentially blackbody internal energy distribution, whose 'temperature' varies inversely with laser intensity. The only currently available method for measuring such activation energies is blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD). Compared with BIRD, FRAGMENT: (a) eliminates the need to heat the surrounding ion trap and vacuum chamber to each of several temperatures (each requiring hours for temperature equilibration); (b) offers a three-fold wider range of effective blackbody temperature; and (c) extends the range of applications to include initially cold ions (e.g., gas-phase H/D exchange). Our FRAGMENT-determined activation energy for dissociation of protonated bradykinin, 1.2 +/- 0.1 eV, agrees within experimental error to the value, 1.3 +/- 0.1 eV, previously reported by Williams et al. from BIRD experiments. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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The optimal policy and the value function of a problem of optimal switching between a Wiener process and a deterministic motion on a segment are found in the present article. The speed of the motion is equal to 1 and it is in direction to the nearest end of the segment. For every switching a positive payment has to be paid. The problem is to minimize the sum of the first exit time of the process and the total payment. It turns out that there exist four different optimal rules depending on the length of the segment and the switching cost.  相似文献   
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Hall coefficient and conductivity are measured in a wide temperature interval from 14.5 to 295 K in order to characterize n-type GaAs bulk monocrystals with moderate donor concentration 1017–1018 cm–3. The weak temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient, showing a slight maximum at 120 K, is analyzed for the first time in terms of the model developed by Klotynsh and Bariss of discrete local levels degenerate with the continuum. For that purpose the presence of a discrete donor level degenerate with the conduction band is supposed and its energy position is calculated using the model. The concentration and the degeneracy factor of this level are determined by fitting the theoretical temperature dependence of the free electron concentration to the experimental one, the former being calculated using the charge neutrality equation. In addition, a qualitative interpretation of the Hall mobility temperature dependence is given.  相似文献   
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