Eliminating positively charged lysine epsilon-NH3+ groups on the surface of carbonic anhydrase has no significant influence on its folding from sodium dodecyl sulfate

This study compares the folding of two polypeptides--bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and peracetylated BCA (BCA-Ac(18))--having the same sequence of amino acids but differing by 18 formal units of charge, from a solution containing denaturing concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Acetylation of BCA with acetic anhydride converts all 18 lysine-epsilon-NH(3)(+) groups to lysine-epsilon-NHCOCH(3) groups and generates BCA-Ac(18). Both BCA and BCA-Ac(18) are catalytically active, and circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) suggests that they have similar secondary and tertiary structures. SDS at concentrations above approximately 10 mM denatured both proteins. When the SDS was removed by dialysis, both proteins were regenerated in native form. This study suggests that large differences in the net charge of the polypeptide have no significant influence on the structure, the ability to refold, or the rate of refolding of this protein from solutions containing SDS. This study reinforces the idea that charged residues on the surface of BCA do not guide protein folding and raises the broader question of why proteins have charged residues on their surface, outside of the region of the active site.     

Thermodynamic Parameters for the Association of Fluorinated Benzenesulfonamides with Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase II

This paper describes a calorimetric study of the association of a series of seven fluorinated benzenesulfonamide ligands (C₆H_nF_5?nSO₂NH₂) with bovine carbonic anhydrase II (BCA). Quantitative structure–activity relationships between the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of binding and pK_a and log P of the ligands allowed the evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters in terms of the two independent effects of fluorination on the ligand: its electrostatic potential and its hydrophobicity. The parameters were partitioned to the three different structural interactions between the ligand and BCA: the Zn^II cofactor–sulfonamide bond (≈65 % of the free energy of binding), the hydrogen bonds between the ligand and BCA (≈10 %), and the contacts between the phenyl ring of the ligand and BCA (≈25 %). Calorimetry revealed that all of the ligands studied bind in a 1:1 stoichiometry with BCA; this result was confirmed by ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography (for complexes with human carbonic anhydrase II).     

The potentials of additive manufacturing for mass production of electrochemical energy systems

Additive manufacturing has established itself as a popular and powerful tool in electrochemistry research and development. In this short review, we focus on the latest results in both 3D printing and electrochemistry communities that could potentially benefit manufacturing in the electrochemical industry. We provide insights from recent and relevant research works and conclude that the likely scenario in the industry is the deployment of a combination of subtractive and additive technologies in order to manufacture high quality and cost-effective electrochemical reactors within reasonable timeframes.     

Holographic recording of fast events on a CCD camera

We report on holographic recording of nanosecond events on a conventional CCD camera. Three frames of an air-discharge event, with resolution of 5.9 ns and frame interval of 12 ns, are recorded in a single CCD frame. Each individual frame is reconstructed by digital filtering of the CCD frame, since successively recorded holograms are centered at different carrier frequencies in the spatial frequency domain.     

Decimal/residue/decimal optical converters

An optical numerical processor using residue arithmetic is described. Specific designs and experimental demonstrations of decimal-to-residue and residue-to-decimal converters using a coherent optical processor are presented.     

Femtosecond holography in lithium niobate crystals

Spatial gratings are recorded holographically by two femtosecond pump pulses at 388 nm in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystals and read out by a Bragg-matched, temporally delayed probe pulse at 776 nm. We claim, to our knowledge, the first holographic pump-probe experiments with subpicosecond temporal resolution for LiNbO3. An instantaneous grating that is due mostly to the Kerr effect as well as a long-lasting grating that results mainly from the absorption caused by photoexcited carriers was observed. The Kerr coefficient of LiNbO3 for our experimental conditions, i.e., pumped and probed at different wavelengths, was approximately 1.0 x 10(-5) cm2/GW.     

Design of a heterobivalent ligand to inhibit IgE clustering on mast cells

We describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of a heterobivalent ligand (HBL) system that competitively inhibits allergen binding to mast cell bound IgE antibody, thereby inhibiting mast cell degranulation. HBLs are composed of a hapten conjugated to a nucleotide analog allowing simultaneous targeting of the antigen-binding site as well the "unconventional nucleotide binding site" on IgE Fab domains. Simultaneous bivalent binding to both sites provides HBLs with over 100-fold enhancement both in avidity for IgE(DNP) (K(d) = 0.33 μM) and in inhibition of allergen binding to IgE(DNP) (IC(50) = 0.45 μM) than the monovalent hapten (K(d)(mono) = 41 μM; IC(50)(mono) = 55.4 μM, respectively). In cellular assays, HBL2 effectively inhibits mast cell degranulation (IC(50) = 15 μM), whereas no inhibition is detected by the monovalent hapten. In conclusion, this study establishes the use of multivalency in a novel HBL design to inhibit mast cell degranulation.     

Fluoroalkyl and alkyl chains have similar hydrophobicities in binding to the "hydrophobic wall" of carbonic anhydrase

The hydrophobic effect, the free-energetically favorable association of nonpolar solutes in water, makes a dominant contribution to binding of many systems of ligands and proteins. The objective of this study was to examine the hydrophobic effect in biomolecular recognition using two chemically different but structurally similar hydrophobic groups, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic fluorocarbons, and to determine whether the hydrophobicity of the two groups could be distinguished by thermodynamic and biostructural analysis. This paper uses isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to examine the thermodynamics of binding of benzenesulfonamides substituted in the para position with alkyl and fluoroalkyl chains (H(2)NSO(2)C(6)H(4)-CONHCH(2)(CX(2))(n)CX(3), n = 0-4, X = H, F) to human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II). Both alkyl and fluoroalkyl substituents contribute favorably to the enthalpy and the entropy of binding; these contributions increase as the length of chain of the hydrophobic substituent increases. Crystallography of the protein-ligand complexes indicates that the benzenesulfonamide groups of all ligands examined bind with similar geometry, that the tail groups associate with the hydrophobic wall of HCA II (which is made up of the side chains of residues Phe131, Val135, Pro202, and Leu204), and that the structure of the protein is indistinguishable for all but one of the complexes (the longest member of the fluoroalkyl series). Analysis of the thermodynamics of binding as a function of structure is compatible with the hypothesis that hydrophobic binding of both alkyl and fluoroalkyl chains to hydrophobic surface of carbonic anhydrase is due primarily to the release of nonoptimally hydrogen-bonded water molecules that hydrate the binding cavity (including the hydrophobic wall) of HCA II and to the release of water molecules that surround the hydrophobic chain of the ligands. This study defines the balance of enthalpic and entropic contributions to the hydrophobic effect in this representative system of protein and ligand: hydrophobic interactions, here, seem to comprise approximately equal contributions from enthalpy (plausibly from strengthening networks of hydrogen bonds among molecules of water) and entropy (from release of water from configurationally restricted positions).     

Optical correlation of functions distorted as f(x′)=>f(xa)

The use of coordinate transformation preprocessing is used to produce a space-variant correlator invariant to functions distorted as f(x′)=f(x^a). Such distortions arise in non-linear scanning devices, imaging from curved surfaces, aberrations in an imaging system, and in the Doppler shift of target with non-uniform motion.     

The action of organolithium compounds on phthalazine and I (2H)-phthalazinone

Phthalazine and 1(2H)-phthalazinone undergo 1,2-addition of organolithium compounds to C = N to give, following hydrolysis, 1 - substituted - 1,2 - dihydrophthalazines and 4-substituted-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-phthalazinones respectively. These dihydro-derivatives may be easily autoxidized to the corresponding 1-substituted phthalazines and 4-substituted-1(2H)-phthalazinones.