全文获取类型
收费全文 | 192篇 |
免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 73篇 |
力学 | 3篇 |
数学 | 46篇 |
物理学 | 72篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 2篇 |
2016年 | 3篇 |
2014年 | 3篇 |
2013年 | 43篇 |
2012年 | 3篇 |
2011年 | 7篇 |
2010年 | 4篇 |
2009年 | 2篇 |
2008年 | 3篇 |
2007年 | 3篇 |
2006年 | 3篇 |
2003年 | 3篇 |
2002年 | 6篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1964年 | 1篇 |
1963年 | 1篇 |
1961年 | 1篇 |
1958年 | 1篇 |
1951年 | 1篇 |
1948年 | 1篇 |
1939年 | 4篇 |
1932年 | 1篇 |
1928年 | 1篇 |
1891年 | 2篇 |
1890年 | 1篇 |
1887年 | 2篇 |
1885年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有194条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
F. Sibel Salman Jayant R. Kalagnanam Sesh Murthy Andrew Davenport 《Journal of Heuristics》2002,8(2):215-239
For hard optimization problems, it is difficult to design heuristic algorithms which exhibit uniformly superior performance for all problem instances. As a result it becomes necessary to tailor the algorithms based on the problem instance. In this paper, we introduce the use of a cooperative problem solving team of heuristics that evolves algorithms for a given problem instance. The efficacy of this method is examined by solving six difficult instances of a bicriteria sparse multiple knapsack problem. Results indicate that such tailored algorithms uniformly improve solutions as compared to using predesigned heuristic algorithms. 相似文献
2.
3.
Very low pressure photolysis (VLPØ) of chlorine nitrate was performed in a quartz Knudsen cell. The light source was a 2500 W high-pressure xenon lamp, and a modulated molecular-beam mass spectrometer was used to monitor the concentration of ClONO2 and photolysis products. Because of the low pressures used (? 10?3 torr) and the short residence time in the cell (≈1 s), secondary reactions were unimportant and the primary products could be directly identified. The primary photolysis products (λ ≈ 2700 Å) are atomic chlorine and NO3 free radical. Chlorine atoms were identified both by the appearance of Cl2 (wall recombination product; the walls were not poisoned) and by HCl produced when C2H6 was added to the cell. Nitrate free radical was directly identified as a mass peak at m/e = 62, as well as by chemical titration with nitric oxide: NO3 + NO → 2NO2. It was verified by direct tests that the peak at m/e = 62 did not arise from possible HNO3 contamination or from N2O5, a possible secondary product. This titration reaction was used to measure quantitatively a lower limit to the primary quantum yield, φ ? 0.5 ± 0.3. This represents a lower limit because of the unknown extent of the secondary photolysis of NO3 under our conditions. We believe this to be the first observation using mass spectrometry of the NO3 free radical. The quantum yield for atomic chlorine is φ = 1.0 ± 0.2. N2O was used to test for O(1D) according to the reaction, O(1D) + N2O → products; none was observed. Triplet oxygen, O(3P) was observed to the extent of ≈ 10% by the reaction O(3P) + NO2 → NO + O2, but this yield can also be due to the photolysis of NO3 free radical produced in the primary step. We conclude that the predominant reaction pathway is . 相似文献
4.
5.
The angular dependence of photoemission from oxygen chemisorbed on the (100) face of aluminum is calculated using a molecular cluster model. The cluster contains five aluminum atoms with one oxygen atom located in the four-fold site; two A1O distances are considered. The calculations employed the Xα scattered wave formalism and are the first results to be obtained for a chemisorption problem in which both initial and final states are based on a cluster model. 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
Charles E. Carraher JR. 《高分子科学杂志,A辑:纯化学与应用化学》2013,50(8):1293-1356
This review emphasizes the breadth of metallic and metallic-like polymers evaluated as to thermal properties. Techniques usefully applied to particular systems are noted with the aim of suggesting their application to other systems. 相似文献
9.
Multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) and complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) calculations are performed on Fe2 and Fe? 2. Although it is not possible to definitively identify the ground states of Fe2 and Fe? 2, the calculations suggest that the ground state of Fe? 2 in 8Σ? u derived from 3d134σ2 g4σ2 u and that the states observed in photodetachment are the 9Σ? g and 7Σ? g states with a 3d134σ2 g4σ1 u occupation, but that the ground state of Fe2 is 7Δu(3d144σ2 g) and is not observed in the photo-detachment spectra. 相似文献
10.
Standardized electronic formats for data are needed to efficiently and transparently communicate the results of scientific studies. A format for the unique identification of chemical species is a requirement in the field of chemistry, and the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) has been widely adopted for this purpose. The InChI identifier has proved to be very useful. The InChI identifier, however, is currently insufficient to uniquely specify some types of molecular entities at a detailed molecular level needed to fully characterize their chemical nature, to differentiate between chemically distinct conformers, to uniquely identify structures used in quantum chemical calculations, and to completely describe elementary chemical reactions. To address this limitation, we propose an augmented form of InChI, denoted as InChI–ER, which contains additional optional layers that allow the unique and unambiguous identification of molecules at a detailed molecular level. The new layers proposed herein are optional extensions of the existing InChI formalism and, like all other InChI layers, would not interfere with InChI identifiers currently in use. The focus of the present work is the better specification of required molecular entities such as rotational conformations, ring conformations, and electronic states. In companion articles, we propose additional reaction layers using an extended InChI format that will enable the unique identification of elementary chemical reactions, including specification of associated transition states, specification of the changes in bonds that occur during reaction, and classification of reaction types. 相似文献