Tetra‐ammonium Zinc Phthalocyanine to Construct a Graded 2D–3D Perovskite Interface for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells

The crystallographic defects inevitably incur during the solution processed organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite film, especially at surface and the grain boundaries (GBs) of perovskite film, which can further result in the reduced cell performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a simple defect passivation method was employed by treating perovskite precursor film with a hydrophobic tetra‐ammonium zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc). The results demonstrated that a 2D‐3D graded perovskite interface with a capping layer of 2D (ZnPc)_0.5MA_n ? 1Pb_nI_3n + 1 perovskite together with 3D MAPbI₃ perovskite was successfully constructed on the top of 3D perovskite layer. This situation realized the efficient GBs passivation, thus reducing the defects in GBs. As expected, the corresponding PSCs with modified perovskite revealed an improved cell performance. The best efficiency reached 19.6%. Especially, the significantly enhanced long‐term stability of the responding PSCs against humidity and heating was remarkably achieved. Such a strategy in this work affords an efficient method to improve the stability of PSCs and thus probably brings the PSCs closer to practical commercialization.     

Copper-copper iodide hybrid nanostructure as hole transport material for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells

A CuI coated Cu hybrid nanostructure by partial iodation of Cu nanowires was used as hole transport material(HTM) to enhance the charge transfer in inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs). The outer CuI achieved efficient charge extraction, and the inner copper facilitated the extracted charges to be rapidly transferred, further improving the overall cell performance. Furthermore,we employed a mixture of [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester(PCBM) and ZnO nanoparticles as electron transport material(ETM) to achieve the fabrication of stable PSCs. The best efficiency was up to 18.8%. This work represents a fundamental clue for the design of efficient and stable PSCs using the chemical in-situ construction strategy for HTM and integration of PCBM and ZnO as ETM.     

聚对苯二胺和炭黑复合物作为高效的氧还原催化剂及其稳定性研究

近年来,氮掺杂的碳材料作为碱性氧还原催化剂得到了研究者的广泛关注.掺杂的 N原子会影响 C原子的自旋密度和电荷分布,导致碳材料表面产生“活性位点”,因此掺氮碳材料具有优秀的氧还原活性,这已经在理论计算和实验中得到了验证.我们通过调节聚对苯二胺和碳黑的比例,之后进行热解制备了一系列掺氮碳材料.其中0.88PpPD/CB样品具有最好的氧还原活性,其在 KOH溶液(0.1 mol/L)中的氧还原性能超过了商业碳载铂.通过扫描电子显微镜表征,发现碳球聚集在聚对苯二胺的表面,这主要是因为聚对苯二胺没有进行酸掺杂,因此其水溶性比较差.通过氮气的吸脱附表征,发现聚对苯二胺的比表面积很小,而碳黑样品(BP2000)的比表面积很大.因此,随着聚对苯二胺量的增加,聚对苯二胺/碳黑复合物的比表面积逐渐降低.另外,聚对苯二胺表面几乎都是微孔,而介孔和大孔主要来自于碳黑.研究者认为,“活性位点”主要位于微孔内(聚对苯二胺表面),而介孔和大孔有利于物质的传输.因此,当聚对苯二胺和碳黑的比例合适时,既有大量的“活性位点”暴露,又有足够的介孔和大孔进行物质传输,所以0.88PpPD/CB样品的氧还原活性最高.
　　但是,对于掺氮碳材料来说,一个主要的问题就是稳定性不足.不管是电化学稳定性,还是放置在空气中的稳定性,掺氮碳材料都比不上铂基催化剂,这也阻碍了它们的大规模应用.对于电化学稳定性,很多文章都进行了报道,但是很少有文章报道掺氮碳材料在空气中的稳定性.我们知道,铂基材料之所以具有优异的氧还原活性,是因为铂和氧气的结合能比较合适,既利于氧气吸附,也利于之后氧气分子键的断裂.但是,当铂基材料放置在空气中,氧气的吸附也会发生,而且之后会导致表面氧化层的形成.所以铂基材料需要活化才能达到最好的催化性能.对于掺氮碳材料,放置在空气中会不会发生氧化反应？这对氧还原活性是否有影响？为了研究掺氮碳材料在空气中的稳定性,我们将0.88PpPD/CB样品在空气中放置了一个月,之后再进行电化学测试.旋转圆盘电极测试表明,在空气中放置了一个月后,0.88PpPD/CB样品的氧还原活性降低了,不管是半波电位还是极限电流密度都下降了.之后我们对其进行了 X射线光电子能谱检测,发现在空气中放置了一个月后其氧含量提高了1%(原子分数),而氮含量几乎没有变化.氧含量的提高证实了氧化反应的发生,但不能直接归结于空气中的氧气.为了排除其他因素,如水蒸气、二氧化碳等,当热处理完成,管式炉温度低于100°C时,我们将高纯氮气切换为高纯氧气,一个小时后再取出样品.电化学测试表明,在氧气中暴露了一个小时后,0.88PpPD/CB样品的氧还原活性极大地降低了,而且 X射线光电子能谱表明其氧含量提高了一倍,接近12%.因此,我们证实了氧气会和0.88PpPD/CB样品反应,导致样品的氧还原活性降低.所以,对于未来掺氮碳材料的大规模应用,要考虑其在空气中的稳定性,以及如何避免和氧气接触.     

光催化还原CO2的研究现状和发展前景

综述了光催化还原CO2的研究进展,并重点介绍了本课题组在光催化还原CO2为碳氢燃料方面的研究工作,通过该途径可降低CO2在大气中的排放浓度,还可将CO2转化为烷烃、醇或其它有机物质,从而实现碳材料的再循环使用.最后展望了该研究领域的前景.     

基于轮廓特征的水下混凝土结构表面裂缝检测算法

针对水下混凝土结构表面裂缝难以准确检测的问题,提出了一种基于轮廓特征的水下混凝土结构表面裂缝检测算法;在对采集到的水下混凝土结构表面图像进行预处理和边缘检测后,首先通过计算图像中边缘的长度和曲率来进行初步判别,区分杂点和部分非裂缝;然后根据裂缝轮廓相互匹配的特征,利用模板搜索来检测出真实裂缝;最后连接裂缝边缘断开部分,优化裂缝检测结果;实验结果表明,与其它算法相比,该算法检测出裂缝的准确率与完整率至少提高了3.54%。     

Lead-Doped Titanium-Oxo Clusters as Molecular Models of Perovskite-Type PbTiO3 and Electron-Transport Material in Solar Cells

In this work we have successfully prepared two lead-doped titanium-oxo clusters with core structures that resemble isolated perovskite PbTiO₃ species. In the obtained highly symmetric Pb₈Ti₇-oxo cluster, the central TiO₆ octahedra are orthogonally extended to adjacent octahedra through corner-sharing and the eight dopant lead ions form a cubic arrangement, making it the first molecular model of perovskite PbTiO₃. Moreover, the clusters readily dissolved in chloroform and showed high solution stability, as confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS measurements. Based on such solution processability, they can be easily spin-coated to form homogeneous films, which were employed as electron-transport materials in perovskite solar cells to give an average power conversion efficiency of around 15 % and improved device stability. This newly developed bottom-up cluster assembly method provides an efficient approach to the construction of atomically precise models of perovskite metal oxides as well as potential molecular tools to extend their applications.