一般n阶特征量泛函的Euler-Lagrange方程及与定量因果原理、相对性原理和广义牛顿三定律的统一

本文获得了有各种相互作用的一般n阶特征量泛函,其耦合系数反映了不同特征量泛函之间的耦合强度.依据定量因果原理,导出了一般n阶特征量泛函的变分原理,获得了一般n阶特征量泛函的Euler-Lagrange方程,它的不同系数可拟合不同的物理现实,如从线性到任意n阶非线性物理系统,使复杂难解的任意n阶非线性物理系统变得具体可解.并获得了该对称变换下不变的m个的守恒量,以及它们之间的关系和统一描述.依据定量因果原理导出了相对性原理,证明了绝对加速参考系、牵连参考系和相对参考系的力都有来自加速度和质量变化的贡献.利用定量因果原理自然导出了广义牛顿第一定律和广义牛顿第二定律,而且还导出了一个新定律,即广义牛顿第三定律,亦即平移不变性系统合力为零定理.进而将研究结论应用于对银河系的修正引力势、分子势、夸克禁闭势等,且其结果与物理实验一致.     

Biofouling resistance of ultrafiltration membranes controlled by surface self-assembled coating with PEGylated copolymers

Block and random PEGylated copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) and polystyrene (PS) were synthesized with a controlled polydispersity using an atom transfer radical polymerization method and varying molar mass ratios of PS/PEGMA. Two types of PEGylated copolymers were self-assembly coated onto the surface of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes for enhancing biofouling resistance. It was found that the adsorption capacities of random copolymers on PVDF membranes were all higher than those of block copolymers. However, the specific and overall protein resistance of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on PVDF membranes coated with block copolymers was much higher than that with random copolymers. The increase in styrene content in copolymer increased the amount of polymer coating on the membrane, and the increase in PEGMA content enhanced the protein resistance of membranes. The optimum PS/PEGMA ratio was found to be close to 2 for the best resistance of protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion on the PEGylated diblock copolymer-coated membranes. The PVDF membrane coated with such a copolymer owned excellent biofouling resistance to BSA, humic acid, negatively surface charged bacteria E. coli, and positively surface charged bacteria S. maltophilia.