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1.
On effectiveness of wiretap programs in mapping social networks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maksim Tsvetovat Kathleen M. Carley 《Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory》2007,13(1):63-87
Snowball sampling methods are known to be a biased toward highly connected actors and consequently produce core-periphery networks when these may not necessarily be present. This leads to a biased perception of the underlying network which can have negative policy consequences, as in the identification of terrorist networks. When snowball sampling is used, the potential overload of the information collection system is a distinct problem due to the exponential growth of the number of suspects to be monitored. In this paper, we focus on evaluating the effectiveness of a wiretapping program in terms of its ability to map the rapidly evolving networks within a covert organization. By running a series of simulation-based experiments, we are able to evaluate a broad spectrum of information gathering regimes based on a consistent set of criteria. We conclude by proposing a set of information gathering programs that achieve higher effectiveness then snowball sampling, and at a lower cost.
Maksim Tsvetovat is an Assistant Professor at the Center for Social Complexity and department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. He received his Ph.D. from the Computation, Organizations and Society program in the School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. His dissertation was centered on use of artificial intelligence techniques such as planning and semantic reasoning as a means of studying behavior and evolution of complex social networks, such as these of terrorist organizations. He received a Master of Science degree from University of Minnesota with a specialization in Artificial Intelligence and design of Multi-Agent Systems, and has also extensively studied organization theory and social science research methods. His research is centered on building high-fidelity simulations of social and organizational systems using concepts from distributed artificial intelligence and multi-agent systems. Other projects focus on social network analysis for mapping of internal corporate networks or study of covert and terrorist orgnaizations. Maksim’s vita and publications can be found on
Kathleen M. Carley is a professor in the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University and the director of the center for Compuational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS) which has over 25 members, both students and research staff. Her research combines cognitive science, social networks and computer science to address complex social and organizational problems. Her specific research areas are dynamic network analysis, computational social and organization theory, adaptation and evolution, text mining, and the impact of telecommunication technologies and policy on communication, information diffusion, disease contagion and response within and among groups particularly in disaster or crisis situations. She and her lab have developed infrastructure tools for analyzing large scale dynamic networks and various multi-agent simulation systems. The infrastructure tools include ORA, a statistical toolkit for analyzing and visualizing multi-dimensional networks. ORA results are organized into reports that meet various needs such as the management report, the mental model report, and the intelligence report. Another tool is AutoMap, a text-mining systems for extracting semantic networks from texts and then cross-classifying them using an organizational ontology into the underlying social, knowledge, resource and task networks. Her simulation models meld multi-agent technology with network dynamics and empirical data. Three of the large-scale multi-agent network models she and the CASOS group have developed in the counter-terrorism area are: BioWar a city-scale dynamic-network agent-based model for understanding the spread of disease and illness due to natural epidemics, chemical spills, and weaponized biological attacks; DyNet a model of the change in covert networks, naturally and in response to attacks, under varying levels of information uncertainty; and RTE a model for examining state failure and the escalation of conflict at the city, state, nation, and international as changes occur within and among red, blue, and green forces. She is the founding co-editor with Al. Wallace of the journal Computational Organization Theory and has co-edited several books and written over 100 articles in the computational organizations and dynamic network area. Her publications can be found at: http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/bios/carley/publications.php 相似文献
2.
The oxidative decomposition of various ketones (including acetone, 2-butanone, 4-heptanone, cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone) over dehydrated TiO(2) (P25) powder is investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. For the first time, a series of thermally unstable radical intermediates are observed both on the activated and reduced TiO(2) surface, depending on the adopted experimental conditions. These radical intermediates are identified as organoperoxy-based species of general formula ROO(.-) and RCO(3) (.-). They are formed by reaction of photogenerated charge carriers (either trapped electrons or trapped holes) with the adsorbed ketones in the presence of molecular oxygen. The organoperoxy intermediates are thermally unstable and decompose at temperatures in the region of 180-250 K. This work demonstrates that free-radical pathways involving both organoperoxy and superoxide radicals can be responsible for the thermal- and photodecomposition of ketones over polycrystalline TiO(2) (P25). 相似文献
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Interaction of oxygen with evaporated nickel films has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS, over the temperature range 77–500 K and pressure range 10?9?10?4 torr. Three oxygen species have been positively identified from O(1s) binding energy shifts (I, II and III with BE's 529.5, 531.4 and 533.2 eV). A fourth state at ca. 534.8 eV may also exist. The relative proportions of each species present depends on the temperature of the substrate. Type I is tentatively considered to represent oxygen atoms in an oxide-like electronic environment, type II is assigned as chemisorbed oxygen atoms, although the possibility of assignment at high oxygen coverages to a defect Ni2 O3 structure is admitted. Type III is only formed in sub-monolayer quantities on interaction at 77 K; converting irreversibly to II on warming to 300 K. I and II are always formed together between 300 and 500 K. The authors believe this implies some incorporation of oxygen atoms from the start of adsorption, which in turn has important implications for recent LEED studies. 相似文献
6.
The Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide Using Platinum‐Promoted Gold–Palladium Catalysts
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Dr. Jennifer K. Edwards James Pritchard Li Lu Marco Piccinini Greg Shaw Dr. Albert F. Carley David J. Morgan Prof. Christopher J. Kiely Prof. Graham J. Hutchings 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(9):2381-2384
The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide offers a potentially green route to the production of this important commodity chemical. Early studies showed that Pd is a suitable catalyst, but recent work indicated that the addition of Au enhances the activity and selectivity significantly. The addition of a third metal using impregnation as a facile preparation method was thus investigated. The addition of a small amount of Pt to a CeO2‐supported AuPd (weight ratio of 1:1) catalyst significantly enhanced the activity in the direct synthesis of H2O2 and decreased the non‐desired over‐hydrogenation and decomposition reactions. The addition of Pt to the AuPd nanoparticles influenced the surface composition, thus leading to the marked effects that were observed on the catalytic formation of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, an experimental approach that can help to identify the optimal nominal ternary alloy compositions for this reaction is demonstrated. 相似文献
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The best possible constant An in an inequality of Markov type
, where ·[0, ∞) denotes the sup-norm on the half real line [0, ∞) and pn is an arbitrary polynomial of degree at most n, is determined in terms of the weighted Chebyshev polynomials associated with the Laguerre weight e−x on [0, ∞). 相似文献
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9.
Michael Bowker Richard Holroyd Neil Perkins Jenita Bhantoo Albert Carley 《Surface science》2007,601(17):3651-3660
The reaction of acetaldehyde with the Pd(1 1 0) surface has been studied using a molecular beam reactor, TPD and LEED. Below 270 K acetaldehyde sticks to the surface with a high initial probability (∼0.8), but no gas phase products evolve. When the reaction is run at >270 K, hydrogen evolves into the gas phase early in the reaction together with methane in a non-steady-state fashion, but above 300 K there is a very efficient steady-state catalytic reaction at the surface; this reaction is the decarbonylation of acetaldehyde to produce methane and carbon monoxide in the gas phase. This behaviour continues up to about 400 K. However, when acetaldehyde is dosed at 423 K, the reaction rate slowly evolves through a maximum to a very low catalytic rate. Upon carrying out reactor experiments at 473 K and above, the reaction mechanism changes to total dehydrogenation, and CO and H2 are produced at high steady-state rate, not withstanding the fact that carbon is continually being deposited onto the surface. This carbon does not appear to affect the reaction, which takes place on a surface with a c(2 × 2)-C layer present, since the extra carbon is lost from the reaction zone by diffusion into the bulk of the crystal. 相似文献
10.
Carley M 《The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America》2011,129(2):633-641
An analysis is developed linking the form of the sound field from a circular source to the radial structure of the source, without recourse to far-field or other approximations. It is found that the information radiated into the field is limited, with the limit fixed by the wavenumber of the source multiplied by the source radius (Helmholtz number). The acoustic field is found in terms of the elementary fields generated by a set of line sources whose form is given by Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind and whose amplitude is found to be given by weighted integrals of the radial source term. The analysis is developed for tonal sources, such as rotors, and for Helmholtz number less than two, for random disk sources. In this case, the analysis yields the cross-spectrum between two points in the acoustic field. The analysis is applied to the problems of tonal radiation, random source radiation as a model problem for jet noise, and to noise cancellation, as in active control of noise from rotors. It is found that the approach gives an accurate model for the radiation problem and explicitly identifies those parts of a source which radiate. 相似文献