N- and O-Alkylation of 3-indolylcyclopropylacetic acid derivatives

2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-3-indolyl)cyclopropylacetic acid, its amide and esters, and the corresponding alcohol, viz., the product of ester reduction by LiAlH₄, were synthesized. The chemoselectivity of N- and O-alkylation of these compounds was studied. Selective monoalkylation at the nitrogen atom of the heterocycle, O-alkylation to the side chain, or dialkylation at both nucleophilic sites can be carried out under conditions of phase-transfer catalysis. The N-acylation at the indole fragment of nitrile of this acid occurs only under the Vilsmeier—Haak formylation conditions.     

Combinatorial discovery of fluorescent pharmacophores by multicomponent reactions in droplet arrays

Fluorescence imaging in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research relies to a great extent on the use of small organic fluorescent probes. Because of the difficulty of combining fluorescent and molecular-recognition properties, the development of such probes has been severely restricted to a number of well-known fluorescent scaffolds. Here we demonstrate that autofluorescing druglike molecules are a valuable source of bioimaging probes. Combinatorial synthesis and screening of chemical libraries in droplet microarrays allowed the identification of new types of fluorophores. Their concise and clean assembly by a multicomponent reaction presents a unique potential for the one-step synthesis of thousands of structurally diverse fluorescent molecules. Because they are based upon a druglike scaffold, these fluorophores retain their molecular recognition potential and can be used to design specific imaging probes.     

THE MITRA‐WAN FORESTRY MODEL: A DISCRETE‐TIME OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM

In this paper, we present some new properties of the Mitra‐Wan forestry model written as a discrete‐time optimal control problem. For this problem, the set of stationary states is characterized. For the optimal long‐run management, we consider the following optimality criteria: average optimality, good control policies, bias optimality, and overtaking optimality. We establish relationships between these criteria and show that the value of average optimal policies is constant and equals the value in the optimal stationary state.     

A direct and versatile access to alpha,alpha-disubstituted 2-pyrrolidinylmethanols by SmI2-mediated reductive coupling

Various alpha,alpha-disubstituted 2-pyrrolidinylmethanols are efficiently prepared in a single step from ketones using a SmI2-mediated cross-coupling with 1-pyrroline N-oxide. The N-hydroxy-alpha,alpha-diphenylprolinol is also easily prepared and resolved.