The allotropic phase change from ferrite to austenite represents a moment of massive interplay between the microstructural and mechanical states of iron. The difference of compacity between the two phases induces a microplastic accommodation in the material at grain scale. However, mechanical heterogeneities resulting from the transformation process remain challenging to characterise due to the high temperature conditions it is associated with. We developed experimental equipment for in situ observation of α ? γ and γ ? α transformations. Images of the surface of an iron sample taken by an optical camera were used as input for a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) routine. Special care was taken to maximize image resolution to capture sub-grain phenomena. Observations show that, at the mesoscopic scale, shear strain fields exhibit strong localisations that are evidence of transformations that are occurring.
A technique is described for the measurement of all components of mean velocity and Reynolds stresses, in a complex turbulent flow where achieving coincidence data acquisition is difficult. The method is based on data recorded using four orientations of the laser probe. It is shown that the measurement errors are not the same for all the components of the Reynolds tensor, but they are sufficiently small to give a good accuracy. An application to a turbomachinery flow is given to illustrate the method. 相似文献
Two thousand images of resolution 512×512 pixels as a regular matrix pattern of 10×10 elements are stored, where each element is angularly multiplexed 20 times in a 25 μm thickness of dichromated gelatin emulsion without cross-talk effect. The surface area of the matrix is 1 cm2. We show good concordance of the angular selectivity between the experimental result and theory. The diffraction efficiency of each 20 multiplexed images is measured and has nearly the same value. Examples of reconstructed images for multiple applications are given, for example, storage of 160,000 images on a 3′1/2 floppy disc format, which is about 100 min of black and white film. Application can be made to automobile cartography and storage of X-ray images as well as weather forecast images. Colored diffractive images are also possible and are illustrated. 相似文献
We announce the simplicity of non-affine Kac–Moody lattices (modulo center). The groups under consideration are minimal Kac–Moody groups. They were defined by Jacques Tits by means of a presentation à la Steinberg. The ground field is finite, assumed to be of cardinality greater than the rank of the buildings these groups naturally act upon. We work in the general combinatorial context of twin root data. To cite this article: P.-E. Caprace, B. Rémy, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 342 (2006).相似文献
The synthesis of 1,2,3,4-dihydropyrimidinone/thione derivatives was achieved in good to excellent yields using calcium(II) nitrate as catalyst to promote the Biginelli three-component condensation reaction from a diversity of aromatic aldehydes, β-keto compounds and urea or thiourea. The reaction was carried out under solvent-free conditions. 相似文献
The flat rank of a totally disconnected locally compact group G, denoted flat-rk(G), is an invariant of the topological group
structure of G. It is defined thanks to a natural distance on the space of compact open subgroups of G. For a topological
Kac-Moody group G with Weyl group W, we derive the inequalities alg-rk(W) ≤ flat-rk(G) ≤ rk(|W|0). Here, alg-rk(W) is the maximal Z-rank of abelian subgroups of W, and rk(|W|0) is the maximal dimension of isometrically embedded flats in the CAT0-realization |W|0. We can prove these inequalities under weaker assumptions. We also show that for any integer n ≥ 1 there is a simple, compactly
generated, locally compact, totally disconnected group G, with flat-rk(G) = n and which is not linear. 相似文献
A method and computer program were developed for calculating the temperature of any part of a graphite furnace tube at any instant of time after onset of the heating cycle. Results for tubes of the Massman design show large differences in spatial temperature distributions during and at the end of the heating cycle when equilibrium is reached. When constant current is applied to contoured tubes, greater heating rates at the tube centres are obtained than with standard tubes. 相似文献