Electronic interactions in aromatic an heteroaromatic two-ring systems

The chemical shifts of the methyl protons ( ) in the PMR spectra and the integral intensities (A^1/2) of the band of the symmetrical CH stretching vibration of the methyl group in the IR spectra were measured for an extensive series of methyl derivatives of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds including 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-substituted 1- and 2-methylnaphthalenes, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-substituted 2-methylquinolines, and 5- and 6-substituted 2-methylbenzothiazoles, as well as a number of two- and three-ring systems that do not contain substituents. The changes in the chemical shifts are interpreted with allowance for two principal contributions: the contribution from the ring currents and the contribution from the changes in the electron densities (q) on the H and C atoms of the methyl group. The fact of the existence of a linear relationship between the corrected (for the ring current) values and the calculated (by the CNDO/2 method) electron charges q_C and q_H (the latter plays the dominant role) indicates that the electronic effects of the substituent make the principal contribution to the changes in the shielding constants of the protons of the methyl group in most of the investigated compounds. Similarly, the charges on the H and C atoms of the methyl group convey the trend of the integral intensities of the IR bands, thereby confirming the primarily electronic nature of the effects of structural factors on the A^1/2 values.See [2] for communication 2.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 390–396, March, 1979.     

Acid deuterium exchange in benzazoles

The kinetics of acid deuterium exchange in benzazoles carrying electron-donor substituents in the 5-, 6-, or 7-positions have been studied. Mass spectrometric studies have shown that exchange in 5-methoxy-1, 2-dimethylbenzimidazole takes place exclusively at one position in the benzene ring, in 5-chloro-, 7-chloro-,5-methoxy-2-methylbenzothiazole and 6-methoxy-2-methylbenzoxazole simultaneously in two positions, and in 6-methoxy-2-methylbenzothiazole the hydrogen at all three possible positions is exchangeable. Using quantum chemical reactivity indices (CNDO/2) in dynamic and state approximations, the orientational features of the reaction have been ascertained. The lack of agreement between the reactivities of the most reactive sites to exchange in heteroaromatic bicycles of similar structure and electrophilic localization energies is explained by differences in the energy profile of the reaction.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 679–687, May, 1986.     

Isotopic hydrogen exchange in methyl derivatives of five-membered aromatic heterocycles

The kinetics of isotopic exchange of the hydrogen atoms of the methyl groups in an alcohol solution of potassium ethoxide were studied for an extensive series of methyl derivatives of azoles and di-, tri-, and tetrazoles. The electronic effect of one or several heteroatoms and substituents on the rate of deuterium exchange of five-membered heterocycles is satisfactorily conveyed by the correlation relationship previously established for a series of substituted toluenes and six-membered heteroaromatic compounds ( _25°=7.6). The limitations that exist in a number of cases are discussed in connection with the peculiarities of the electron-density distribution in five- and six-membered heterocycles.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 9, pp. 1196–1201, September, 1977.     

An investigation of the transmission of electronic effects in a series of 5- and 6-substituted benzazoles by the methods of basic deuterium exchange and NMR spectroscopy

The kinetics of deuterium exchange at the methyl groups in 5- and 6-substituted 2-methylbenzothiazoles, 6-substituted 2-methylbenzoxazoles, and 5-substituted 1,2-dimethylbenzimidazoles have been studied. A quantitative estimate of the influence of the substituents on the free energy of activation of deuterium exchange and on the chemical shifts in the ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹⁹F NMR spectra of the benzazoles investigated and of the substituted quinolines and naphthalenes used as standard systems has been made with the aid of correlation analysis. It has been shown that the decrease in the transmission capacity of the benzazole nucleus in the transition state of the reaction as compared with the initial state is due to the influence of cross-conjugation effects disturbing the additive nature of the electronic interactions. The question of the probable structure of the transition state of the reaction is discussed.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 9, pp. 1235–1245, September, 1984.     

Study of the electron interactions of polysubstituted azoles by PMR and IR spectroscopy

The IR and PMR spectra of an extensive series of methyl derivatives of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds were investigated. With a few exceptions, the experimental data on the chemical shifts of the protons and the intensity of the band of the symmetrical stretching vibration [(A_CH)^1/2] for five- and six-membered heterorings can be united in a single reaction series with polysubstituted toluenes within the framework of an additive scheme. The (A_CH)^1/2 values correlate satisfactorily with the calculated (by the CNDO/2 method) total charges on the carbon and hydrogen atoms of the methyl group. In contrast to the intensities of the IR bands, linear relationships between the chemical shifts and the charges on the hydrogen atoms are observed only within the limits of particular reaction series. The lack of a unified relationship was interpreted as being the result of the effect of the ring current, the contribution of which to the value depends on the nature of the heteroatom.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1110–1119, August, 1977.     

Heterocyclic analogs of pleiadiene

The behavior of N-methyl derivatives of perimidine (I), aceperimidine (VI), aceperimidylene (VII), naphth[2,3-d]imidazole (V), benzimidazole (II), and 1H- and 3H-naphth[1,2-d]imidazoles (III, IV) with respect to n-butyllithium was studied. Compounds I and V–VII add n-butyllithium to the C=N bond to give 2-n-butyl-2,3-dihydro derivatives, whereas II–IV are metallated to give 2-lithio derivatives. The different reactivities of I, V–VII, and II–IV are explained by the reduced aromatic character and high polarization of the C=N bond in I and V–VII. The investigated compounds are arranged in the following order with respect to the ease of undergoing basic deuterium exchange at the C-H bond V>II>III>IV>VII>I>VI. There is no correlation between the rate of deuterium exchange and the behavior of I–VII with respect to butyllithium.See [1] for communication XXX.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1544–1548, November, 1977.     

Acid deuterium exchange in methoxyquinolines and their N-oxides

Kinetic studies of acid deuterium exchange have been carried out for a series of isomeric 6-, 7-, and 8-methoxyquinolines and their N-oxides, in comparison with the analogous carbocyclic compounds. It has been found that methoxyquinolines are deuterated in the N-protonated form, whereas the N-oxides are reactive in their neutral forms. In full agreement with data for the reactivity of these heterocycles in nitration, quantum chemical calculations show that in exchange in 6-methoxyquinoline and its N-oxide the preferred site for electrophilic attack is the 5-position, and in the 7-isomers the 8-position is preferred. The rate is lower in the 8-isomer, owing to the presence in the latter of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The probable structure of the transition state in the reaction is discussed.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 636–644, May, 1986.