Study of the separation of lactose,lactulose and galactose by liquid chromatography using cationic ion-exchange resin columns

Summary A strong acid cation-exchange resin, Dowex AG50W-X8 in potassium, calcium or sodium form, with water as eluent, has been used to separate three sugars (lactose, lactulose and galactose). The linearity of lactulose equilibrium isotherms was verified. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were thus determined by the moment method. Evaluation of the parameters revealed in this work can be considered as the first step in scaling up the process towards industrial use. On the other hand, the equilibrium stage model, which takes mass transfer resistance into account, is shown to provide a fair representation of the system’s behaviour.     

Etude de la structure du cortège électronique par la méthode des états de valence

Résumé La méthode des états de valence décrite précédemment est appliquée à l'état fondamental de l'atome neutre de Carbone. On obtient les valeurs suivantes des énergies associées aux termes spectraux ³ P,¹ D et ¹ S: — 75,47900, — 75,36826 et — 75,30856 en unités Rydberg. L'erreur relative reste inférieure à 4 pour mille.

---

The method of valence states previously described, is applied to the ground configuration of the neutral carbon atom. The term energies obtained are (in Rydbergs) ³ P: — 75.47900, ¹ D: — 75.36826, and ¹ S: — 75.30856, with errors below 4%.

---

Zusammenfassung Die früher beschriebene Methode der Valenzzustände wird auf die Grundkonfiguration des neutralen C-Atoms angewandt. Man erhält folgende Termenergien (in Rydberg): ³ P: — 75,47900, ¹ D: — 75,36826 und ¹ S: — 75,30856, mit Fehlern unter 4%.