Theoretical studies on Ru(fppz)2(CO)L (L = N -heterocyclic ligand): Electronic structure, absorption, phosphorescence, and solvatochromism

A series of ruthenium(II) complexes Ru(fppz)₂(CO)L [fppz = 3-trifluoromethyl-5(2-pyridyl)pyrazole; L = pyridine (1), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2), 4-cyanopyridine (3)] were designed and investigated theoretically to explore their electronic structures, absorption, and emissions as well as the solvatochromism. The singlet ground state and triplet excited state geometries were fully optimized at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ and CIS/LANL2DZ level, respectively. The HOMO of 1–3 is composed of d_yz(Ru) atom and π(fppz). The LUMO of 1 and 2 is dominantly contributed by π*(fppz) orbital, but that of 3 is contribute by π*(L). Absorption and phosphorescence in vacuo, C₆H₁₂, and CH₃CN media were calculated using the TD-DFT level of theory with the PCM model based on the optimized ground and excited state geometries, respectively. The lowest-lying absorption of 1 and 2 at 387 and 391 nm is attributed to {[d_yz(Ru) + π(fppz)] → [π*(fppz)]} transition, but that of 3 at 479 nm is assigned to {[d_yz(Ru) + π(fppz)] → [π*(L)]} transition. The phosphorescence of 1 and 2 at 436 and 438 nm originates from ³{[d_yz(Ru) + π(fppz)] [π*(fppz)]} excited state, while that of 3 at 606 nm is from ³{[d_yz(Ru) + π(fppz)] [π*(L)]} excited state. The calculation results showed that the absorption and emission transition character can be changed from MLCT/ILCT to MLCT/LLCT transition by altering the substituent on the L ligand. The phosphorescence of 1 and 2 does not have solvatochromism, but that of 3 at 606 nm (vacuo), 584 nm (C₆H₁₂), and 541 nm (CH₃CN) is strongly dependent on the solvent polarity, so introducing electron-withdrawing group on ligand L will induce remarkable solvatochromism. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 20573042, 20703015, and 20333050)     

利用DFT方法探究一类自组装[Pt2M4（C≡CH）8]（M=Cu，Ag）簇合物的电子结构和光谱性质

应用TD．DFT（time－dependent density functional theory）并PCMfpolarizable continuum model）模型研究了一类自组装的[Pt2M4（C＇≡CH）8]（M=Cu,Ag）簇合物的电子结构和光谱性质．应用DFT（density functional theory）方法优化了该簇合物的基态及激发态结构．综合计算结果,得到与试验结果相一致的结构与光谱特点．[Pt2Ag4（C≡CH）8]具有呈D4和D4h对称性的两个稳定的基态几何结构．Pt－M距离预示弱相互作用的存在．Cu—Cu距离大于俩个Cu原子的范德华半径和而Ag－Ag间距与俩个Ag原子的范德华半径和差别不大．激发过程使得Pt…M,Ag…Ag作用增强,虽然Cu…Cu距离也相应缩短,但是其仍大于范德华半径之和．[Pt2Cu4（C≡CH）8]、[Pt2Ag4（C≡CH）8]（A）和（B）的最低能吸收在450、365和375nm处,发射在611、431和435nm处．红外可见谱范围内,[Pt2M4（C≡CH）8]的吸收波带都有Cu或Ag成分的贡献,所以没有ILCT或MPtLCT跃迁特征出现（ILCT：intraligand charge transfer;MLCT：metal-to—ligand charge transfer）．由于最低能吸收和发射具有不同的跃迁特征,所以发射不是来自于最低能吸收．[Pt2Ag4（C≡CH）8]簇合物的MM相互作用在激发态增强,发射光谱具有显著的ILCT特点,这也是[Pt2Ag4（C≡CH）8]的发射波长相对于其对应的同配体前躯体[Pt（C≡CH）4]^2-有少许蓝移的原因．     

DFT evaluation of the electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of the self-assembled [Pt2M4(C ≡ CH)8] (M=Cu,Ag) clusters

Science China Chemistry - Electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of self-assembled [Pt2M4(C≡CH)8] (M=Cu, Ag) clusters have been studied by the TD-DFT (time-dependent density...     

异戊二烯与OH自由基光化学反应的二次有机气溶胶的生成

利用烟雾箱模拟装置,研究了异戊二烯与OH自由基反应的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成.反应中生成的气相产物通过质子转移反应质谱仪(PTR-MS)测定,SOA的浓度及粒径谱分布通过高分辨率粒径谱仪(EEPS3090)测定.研究表明:甲基丙烯醛(MAC)/甲基乙烯基酮(MVK)、乙醛、甲醛、甲醇、甲酸/乙醇、乙醇醛、甲基乙二醛、丙酮/丙醛等为主要气相产物,各组实验中MAC/MVK和乙醛浓度达到最大时,其产率分别介于13.78%～37.72%和5.38%～9.34%(以C计)范围内;SOA生成量及其中值粒径随异戊二烯反应量的增加而增加,气相物质稳定后,SOA产率在5.6%～11.7%范围内,粒径在22～165nm范围内.     

Theoretical studies on Ru(fppz)2(CO)L (L = N-heterocyclic ligand): Electronic structure, absorption, phosphorescence, and solvatochromism

A series of ruthenium(II) complexes Ru(fppz)₂(CO)L [fppz = 3-trifluoromethyl-5(2-pyridyl)pyrazole; L = pyridine (1), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2), 4-cyanopyridine (3)] were designed and investigated theoretically to explore their electronic structures, absorption, and emissions as well as the solvatochromism. The singlet ground state and triplet excited state geometries were fully optimized at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ and CIS/LANL2DZ level, respectively. The HOMO of 1–3 is composed of d_yz(Ru) atom and π(fppz). The LUMO of 1 and 2 is dominantly contributed by π*(fppz) orbital, but that of 3 is contribute by π*(L). Absorption and phosphorescence in vacuo, C₆H₁₂, and CH₃CN media were calculated using the TD-DFT level of theory with the PCM model based on the optimized ground and excited state geometries, respectively. The lowest-lying absorption of 1 and 2 at 387 and 391 nm is attributed to {[d_yz(Ru) + π(fppz)] → [π*(fppz)]} transition, but that of 3 at 479 nm is assigned to {[d_yz(Ru) + π(fppz)] → [π*(L)]} transition. The phosphorescence of 1 and 2 at 436 and 438 nm originates from ³{[d_yz(Ru) + π(fppz)] [π*(fppz)]} excited state, while that of 3 at 606 nm is from ³{[d_yz(Ru) + π(fppz)] [π*(L)]} excited state. The calculation results showed that the absorption and emission transition character can be changed from MLCT/ILCT to MLCT/LLCT transition by altering the substituent on the L ligand. The phosphorescence of 1 and 2 does not have solvatochromism, but that of 3 at 606 nm (vacuo), 584 nm (C₆H₁₂), and 541 nm (CH₃CN) is strongly dependent on the solvent polarity, so introducing electron-withdrawing group on ligand L will induce remarkable solvatochromism.     

DFT evaluation of the electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of the self-assembled [Pt2M4(C ≡ CH)8] (M=Cu, Ag) clusters

Electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of self-assembled [Pt₂M₄(C≡CH)₈] (M=Cu, Ag) clusters have been studied by the TD-DFT (time-dependent density functional theory) calculations with the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The ground- and excited-state structures were optimized by the DFT (density functional theory) methods. The calculated structures and spectroscopic properties are in agreement with the corresponding experimental results. The [Pt₂Ag₄(C≡CH)₈] clusters have two stable ground state geometries (D ₄ and D _4h symmetry). The calculated Pt-M distances suggest only very weak interactions. The Cu-Cu distances are larger than the van der Waals radii of two Cu atoms and the Ag-Ag distances are analogous with the sum of van der Waals radii of two Ag atoms. Upon excitation, the interaction of Pt⋯M, Ag⋯Ag is strengthened, while the Cu⋯Cu distances are shortened but they are still larger than the sum of van der Waals radii of two Cu atoms. The lowest-energy absorptions are at 450, 365 and 375 nm and the emissions are at 611, 431 and 435 nm for [Pt₂Cu₄(C≡CH)₈], [Pt₂Ag₄(C≡CH)₈] (A) and (B), respectively. The transitions are all perturbed by the Cu or Ag composition through the UV-Vis spectra region; therefore, there are not pure ILCT or M_PtLCT characteristics (ILCT: intraligand charge transfer; MLCT: metal-to-ligand charge transfer) in absorptions of heteropolynuclear [Pt₂M₄(C≡CH)₈] clusters. Since the emissions and the lowest-absorptions have different transition characteristics for each complex, the emissions should not come from the lowest-energy absorptions. Because the M⋯M interactions in the excited state of [Pt₂Ag₄(C≡CH)₈] are augmented, the emissions of [Pt₂Ag₄(C≡CH)₈] clusters bear prominent ILCT character, which is the reason why the emission wavelengths of [Pt₂Ag₄(C≡CH)₈] have a small hypsochromic shift relative to the emission wavelength of homoleptic [Pt(C≡CH)₄]²⁻ precursor.