Effect of absorbed pump power on the quality of output beam from monolithic microchip lasers

The dependence of the beam propagation factor (M ² parameter) with the absorbed pump power in the case of monolithic microchip laser under face-cooled configuration is extensively studied. Our investigations show that the M ₂ parameter is related to the absorbed pump power through two parameters (α and β) whose values depend on the laser material properties and laser configuration. We have shown that one parameter arises due to the oscillation of higher order modes in the microchip cavity and the other parameter accounts for the spherical aberration associated with the thermal lens induced by the pump beam. Such dependency of M ² parameter with the absorbed pump power is experimentally verified for a face-cooled monolithic microchip laser based on Nd³⁺ -doped GdVO₄ crystal and the values of α and β parameters were estimated from the experimentally measured data points.     

Modification of magnetic anisotropy in metallic glasses using high-energy ion beam irradiation

Heavy ion irradiation in the electronic stopping power region induces macroscopic dimensional change in metallic glasses and introduces magnetic anisotropy in some magnetic materials. The present work is on the irradiation study of ferromagnetic metallic glasses, where both dimensional change and modification of magnetic anisotropy are expected. Magnetic anisotropy was measured using Mössbauer spectroscopy of virgin and irradiated Fe₄₀Ni₄₀B₂₀ and Fe₄₀Ni₃₈Mo₄B₁₈ metallic glass ribbons. 90 MeV ¹²⁷I beam was used for the irradiations. Irradiation doses were 5×10¹³ and 7.5×10¹³ ions/cm². The relative intensity ratios D ₂₃ of the second and third lines of the Mössbauer spectra were measured to determine the magnetic anisotropy. The virgin samples of both the materials display in-plane magnetic anisotropy, i.e., the spins are oriented parallel to the ribbon plane. Irradiation is found to cause reduction in magnetic anisotropy. Near-complete randomization of magnetic moments is observed at high irradiation doses. Correlation is found between the residual stresses introduced by ion irradiation and the change in magnetic anisotropy.     

Thin layer chromatographic studies of anils II. Separation,identification and determination

Thin layer chromatographic behaviour of ten anils was studied on silica gel adsorbent mixed with starch binder with ten solvent systems. Simultaneous separation, identification and determination of ternary mixtures of isomers was stressed. TheR _F increasing order was found to be dependent on the solvent and independent of the degree of saturation of the chamber. The correlations ofR _F with _max and (C=O) of isomers were established and used in their identification. Six anils were separated in methanol—benzene (11).     

Sensitive and selective ion exchange test for microgram detection and spectrophotometric determination of picric acid

The microgram detection and determination of picric acid with sodium hypochlorite solution is based on its oxidation in alkaline solution and chlorination with excess of chlorine present in hypochlorite solution. A characteristic orange color is obtained, which can be used as a specific test. The sensitivity of the picric acid was enhanced by performing the resin spot test. This color reaction was applied for the determination of picric acid spectrophotometrically.     

P(i-PrNCH2CH2)3N: An efficient nonionic catalyst for the regioselective Michael addition of a β,γ-unsaturated ester and a nitrile

Michael additions of a β,γ-unsaturated ester and a nitrile to a variety of α,β-unsaturated ketones can be effected with high regioselectivity and in good yields using P(i-PrNCH₂CH₂)₃N as a catalyst.     

Fourth-derivative spectrophotometric determination of fungicide ferbam (iron(III) dimethyldithiocarbamate) in a commercial sample and wheat grains using 2,2′-bipyridyl

A procedure has been developed for the direct fourth-derivative spectrophotometric determination of iron(III) dimethyldithiocarbamate by converting it into an iron(II) 2,2'-bipyridyl complex, which is then dissolved in Triton X-100. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range 0.5-20 microg mL(-1 )in the final solution. Various parameters such as the effect of pH and interference of large number of ions on the determination of ferbam have been studied in detail. The method is sensitive, highly selective and can be used for the determination of ferbam in a commercial sample and in mixtures with various dithiocarbamates (ziram, zineb, maneb, etc.) and from wheat grains.     

Preparation and reactions of triphenylarsoranylideneketene

Preparation and some reactions of the first cumulated ylide of arsenic, viz. triphenylarsoranylideneketene are described.     

Heavy-metal remediation by a fungus as a means of production of lead and cadmium carbonate crystals

We show here that reaction of the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, with the aqueous heavy-metal ions Pb2+ and Cd2+ results in the one-step formation of the corresponding metal carbonates. The metal carbonates are formed by reaction of the heavy-metal ions with CO2 produced by the fungus during metabolism and thus provide a completely biological method for production of crystals of metal carbonates. The PbCO3 and CdCO3 crystals thus produced have interesting morphologies that are shown to arise because of interaction of the growing crystals with specific proteins secreted by the fungus during reaction. An additional advantage of this approach is that the reaction leads to detoxification of the aqueous solution and could have immense potential for bioremediation of heavy metals. Under conditions of this study, the metal ions are not toxic to the fungus, which readily grows after exposure to the metal ions.     

Pinacol Formation and Reduction of Aromatic Carbonyls with Magnesium–Methanol at Ambient Temperature

A simple and inexpensive procedure for the pinacol formation of aromatic aldehydes and reduction of aromatic ketones to the corresponding alcohols with magnesium in dry methanol at ambient temperature is reported. The pinacol formation and reduction are proposed to be proceeding by SET from magnesium.     

Malachite green as a reagent for detection and spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI)

A sensitive and inexpensive method of spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI), based on the absorbance of its complex with malachite green and acetic acid at pH 2.5 is reported. The complex shows a molar absorptivity of 8 x 10(4) l.mole(-1) cm(-1) at 560 nm, using malachite green and acetic acid as reference solution. The effect of time, temperature, pH and reagent concentration is studied and optimum operating conditions are established. Beer's law is applicable in the concentration range 2.0-22.8 mug/ml chromium(VI). The resin beads act as a catalyst and as little as 1.6 mug of chromium(VI) is detected in the resin phase as compared to 4.1 mug in the solution phase. The standard deviation in the determinations is +/-0.40 mug/ml for a 10.35 mug/ml solution.