Groups with many subgroups having polycyclic-by-finite layers or derived subgroup

A group is called (PF)L if the subgroups generated by its elements having same order (finite or infinite) are polycyclic-by-finite. In the present paper we prove that a group is locally graded minimal non-((PF)L∪(𝔓𝔉)𝔄) if, and only if, it is non-perfect minimal non-FC, where (𝔓𝔉)𝔄 denotes the class of (polycyclic-by-finite)-by-abelian groups. We prove also that a group of infinite rank whose proper subgroups of infinite rank are in ((PF)L∪(𝔓𝔉)𝔄) is itself in ((PF)L∪(𝔓𝔉)𝔄) provided that it is locally (soluble-by-finite) without simple homomorphic images of infinite rank. Our last result concerns groups that satisfy the minimal condition on non-((PF)L∪(𝔓𝔉)𝔄)-subgroups.     

Molecularly imprinted polymer-sol-gel tablet toward micro-solid phase extraction: I. Determination of methadone in human plasma utilizing liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

In the present work molecularly imprinted sol-gel tablet (MIP-Tablet) was prepared. The MIP-sol-gel was prepared as a thin layer on polyethylene material in a tablet form. Methadone-d₉ was selected as the template and 3-(propylmethacrylate)-trimethoxysilane was used as precursor. MIP-Tablet was applied for micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE). The MIP-Tablet was used for the determination of methadone in human plasma samples utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; and each tablet could be used twenty times. The extraction time was 10 min while desorption time was 6 min. Factors affecting the extraction efficiency such as desorption solvents, sample pH, salt addition, extraction time, desorption time and adsorption capacity were investigated. The calibration curves were obtained within the range of 5–5000 ng/mL using methadone in human plasma samples. The coefficients of determination (r²) values were ≥0.999 for all runs and the extraction recovery was >80%. The accuracy values for quality control samples varied from +3.6 to +9.7% and the inter-day precision (RSD %) values were ranged from 5.0 to 8.0%. The limit of detection was 1.0 ng/mL and the lower limit of quantification was 5 ng/mL utilizing methadone in human plasma samples.     

Kinetics of aquation of the trans-dichlorobis (N-methylethylenediamine) cobalt(III) ion in a water-methanol media

Summary The trans-[Co(meen)₂Cl₂]Cl complex was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, and u.v.-vis. and i.r. spectroscopies. The kinetics of the primary aquation of trans-[Co(meen)₂Cl₂]⁺ in H₂O and H₂O-MeOH have been investigated over a wide range of solvent compositions and temperatures (45–60 °C). Plots of rate constants (log k) versus the reciprocal of the dielectric constant of the medium (D _infs ^sup−1 ) and Grunwald-Winstein values of the solvent (Y) were non-linear. The variation of enthalpies (ΔH ^*) and entropies (ΔS ^*) of activation with solvent composition have been determined. Plots of ΔH ^* or ΔS ^* versus the mole fraction of the solvent exhibit a maximum at x ₂ ca. 0.1 and a minimum of x ₂ ca. 0.3; a linear plot of ΔH ^* versus ΔS ^* is obtained. Furthermore, the cycle relating the free energy of activation in H₂O to that in H₂O-MeOH shows that changes in the solvent structure in H₂O-MeOH mixtures generally stabilize the five-coordinate cation in the transition state, more than the cation in the initial state as the mole fraction of MeOH increases. The results are discussed and compared with other related systems.     

Effect of the UV Modification of α-Crystallin on Its Ability to Suppress Nonspecific Aggregation

Recent studies have shown that structural modifications of α-crystallin during lens aging decrease it's effectiveness as a molecular chaperone. Some of these posttranslational modifications have been linked to UV radiation, and this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of UV irradiation on the ability of α-crystallin to suppress nonspecific aggregation. The effect of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) was also investigated as a model for its glucoside (3-HKG), a main lens chromophore that has been linked to photochemical changes in the human lens. Alpha- and γ-crystallin solutions (1 mg/mL, 1:0.125 wt/wt) were photolyzed (transmission above 295 nm) for various time intervals. Thermal denaturation of γ-crystallin with or without α-crystallin was carried out at 70°C and increases in light scattering were measured at 360 nm. We found that (1) irradiation of γ-crystallin increased its susceptibility to heat-induced scattering. The addition of α-crystallin protects it against thermal denaturation, although its ability to do so decreases the longer γ-crystallin is irradiated and (2) irradiation of α-crystallin decreases its ability to suppress nonspecific aggregation and the presence of 3-HK during irradiation decreases it further. Our results indicate that posttranslational modifications of α-crystallin due to UV irradiation affect the sites and mechanisms by which it interacts with γ-crystallin. The kinetics of γ-crystallin unfolding during thermal denaturation were also analyzed. We found that a simple two state model applies for nonirradiated γ-crystallin. This model does not hold when γ-crystallin is irradiated in the presence or absence of α-crystallin. In these cases, two step or multistep mechanisms are more likely.     

Numerical study of the effect of secondary electron emission on the sheath characteristics in q-non-extensive plasma

In this paper, a plasma sheath containing primary electrons, cold positive ions, and secondary electrons is studied using a one-dimensional fluid model in which the primary electrons are described by q-non-extensive distribution according to the Tsallis statistics. Based on the Sagdeev potential method and the current balance relation, a modified sheath criterion, and floating potential are established theoretically. The effect of secondary electron emission on q-non-extensive plasma sheath characteristics have been numerically examined. A significant change is observed in the quantities characterizing the non-extensive plasma sheath with the presence of the secondary electrons. It is found that the sheath properties with super-extensive distribution and sub-extensive distribution are different compared with plasma sheath with Maxwell distribution .     

Influence of solvent structure on the aquation of K‐chloro(diethylenetriamine)(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III) ion in water and mixed aqueous solvents

The aquation of K‐[Co(dien)(en)Cl]²⁺ was followed spectrophotometrically within the temperature range (40–60°C) in water, water–isopropyl alcohol, and water–tert‐butyl alcohol media of varying solvent composition up to 50 and 60 vol% of the organic solvent component respectively. The nonlinear plot of log k vs. D^?1_s was attributed to the differential solvation of the initial and transition states. The variation of ΔH^≠, ΔS^≠, and ΔG^≠ with the mole fraction of the organic component was analyzed and discussed. The isokinetic temperatures were found to be 330 and 317 K for water–isopropyl alcohol and water–tert‐butly alcohol mixtures respectively, indicating that the aquation reaction is entropy controlled. The application of free energy cycle at 25°C for the aquation reaction in both co‐solvents suggests that the transition state is more stable than the initial one. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 1–6, 2002     

The origin of virgin argan oil's high oxidative stability unraveled

To prepare either virgin edible or beauty argan oil, roasted or unroasted argan kernels are cold-pressed, respectively. Comparing the physicochemical parameters of edible and beauty argan oil immediately after preparation and after a two-year delay has led to the suggestion that phospholipids are a new and essential type of oil component participating in the excellent oxidative stability of edible argan oil, in addition to the already suggested Maillard-reaction products, phenols, and tocopherols.     

Spectral,magnetic studies and molecular orbital calculations for (4,5-dimethyl-3-pyrazolyl)aldazine copper(II) complexes

Summary A new series of copper(II) complexes derived from (4,5-dimethyl-3-pyrazolyl) aldazine (DMPA), formulated as: (a) [LCuX₂]·nEtOH; (b) [LCu(H₂O)](ClO₄)₂; and (c) [LCuX]BF₄·nH₂O, where n = 1/2 or 1, X = Cl or Br and L = DMPA, have been synthesized. The formulations are based on elemental analyses and molar conductivity data. I.r., u.v.-vis., e.s.r. and magnetic data reveal that the complexes are trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and stacked square-planar structures for (a), (b) and (c), respectively. The trigonal bipyramidal structure for class (a) compounds is confirmed using the atom superposition and electron delocalization-molecular orbital calculations, which agree with the experimental electronic spectral data. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility data shows a ferromagnetic interaction within copper(II) complexes of class (c).